Mu 1955, Uruganda rwa Jilin Carbon Uruganda, uruganda rwa mbere rwa elegitoronike ya electrode y’Ubushinwa, rwatangiye gukoreshwa ku mugaragaro hifashishijwe impuguke mu bya tekinike zo mu cyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti. Mu mateka yiterambere rya grafite electrode, hariho inyuguti ebyiri zishinwa.
Graphite electrode, ibikoresho byo mu rwego rwo hejuru birwanya ubushyuhe bwa grafite, ifite ibintu byiza cyane byo kuyobora amashanyarazi no kubyara amashanyarazi, bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukoraibyuma.
Inyuma yibicuruzwa byazamutse muri rusange, uyumwaka grafite electrode ntabwo ikora. Impuzandengo yikigereranyo cyisoko rya grafite ya electrode yari 21393 yuan / toni,hejuru ya 51%guhera mu gihe kimwe cy'umwaka ushize. Turabikesha, grafite yo murugo imbere murumunawe (umugabane wisoko urenga 20%) - Fang Da carbone (600516) mugihembwe cya mbere cyambere cyuyu mwaka yinjiza miliyari 3,57 yuan, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 37% , garuka kubabyeyi inyungu ziyongera kuri 118%. Iki gikorwa gitangaje cyashishikarije ibigo birenga 30 gukora iperereza mu cyumweru gishize, muri byo hakaba harimo ibigo byinshi binini byo gukusanya inkunga ya Leta nka Efonda na Harvest.
Kandi inshuti zita ku nganda zikoresha amashanyarazi bose bazi ko munsi yicyuma cyurusengero gukoresha ingufu zikoreshwa kabiri, gukoresha ingufu nyinshi ninganda zanduye cyane byahagaritse umusaruro no guhagarika. Uruganda rukora ibyuma nkibigo byikubye kabiri bigomba no kugira uruhare runini mu ntara ya hebei ibyuma nicyuma biragaragara cyane. Ukurikije ukuri, umusaruro muke wibyuma, ibyifuzo bya electrode ya grafite nabyo bizagabanuka, hamwe namano ashobora gutekereza, ibiciro bya electrode ya grafite bigomba kugabanuka ah.
1. Hatariho electrode ya grafite, itanura ryamashanyarazi arc ntirikora
Kugirango urusheho gusobanukirwa na electrode ya grafite, birakenewe gufungura urunigi rwinganda kugirango turebe gato. Hejuru, grafite electrode kuri peteroli ya kokiya, inshinge ya kokiya ibicuruzwa bibiri bya chimique nkibikoresho fatizo, binyuze mubikorwa 11 bigoye gutegura,Toni 1 ya grafite electrode ikenera toni 1.02 yibikoresho fatizo, umusaruro wigihe cyiminsi irenga 50, igiciro cyibikoresho byari hejuru ya 65%.
Nkuko nabivuze, electrode ya grafite itwara amashanyarazi. Ukurikije ubucucike bwemewe, grafite electrode irashobora kugabanywamo kabiriimbaraga zisanzwe, imbaraga nyinshi na ultra-high poweramashanyarazi. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa electrode ifite imiterere itandukanye yumubiri na chimique.
Munsi yuruzi, electrode ya grafite ikoreshwa mumatanura ya arc, silicon yinganda nafosifore y'umuhondoumusaruro, umusaruro wibyuma muri rusange ubarirwa hafi80%yo gukoresha yose ya electrode ya grafite, igiciro giheruka ahanini giterwa ninganda zibyuma. Mu myaka yashize, hamwe n’umubare w’amashanyarazi ya EAF yiyongera cyane hamwe n’imikorere myiza y’ibiciro, electrode ya grafite nayo iratera imbere yerekeza ku mbaraga zidasanzwe, zifite imikorere myiza kuruta imbaraga zisanzwe. Ninde Uwitekaultra power power grafite electrodeikoranabuhanga, uzayobora isoko ry'ejo hazaza. Kugeza ubu, abantu 10 ba mbere ku isi bakora amashanyarazi ya ultra-high power grafite electrode bangana na 44.4% byumusaruro rusange w’amashanyarazi ya ultra-high power grafite electrode ku isi. Isoko ryibanze cyane, kandi igihugu nyamukuru kiyobora ni Ubuyapani.
Kugirango urusheho gusobanukirwa ibi bikurikira, dore intangiriro ngufi yuburyo bwo gukora ibyuma. Muri rusange, gushonga ibyuma nicyuma bigabanyijemoitanuranaitanura rya arc: iyambere izaba ubutare bwicyuma, kokiya nibindi byuma byingurube byingurube, hanyuma umubare munini wa ogisijeni uhuha uhindura, decarbonisation yicyuma gishongeshejwe mubyuma byuma. Ibindi bifashisha ibikoresho byiza byamashanyarazi nubushyuhe bwa electrode ya grafite kugirango ishongeshe ibyuma bishaje hanyuma ubigire ibyuma.
Kubwibyo, grafite electrode yo gukora ibyuma bya EAF, nka PVDF kuri lithium anode, ibikenewe ntabwo ari byinshi (toni 1 yicyuma ikoresha electrode ya 1.2-2.5 kg gusa), ariko mubyukuri ntibishoboka tutamufite. Kandi ntihazabaho umusimbura vuba aha.
2. Carbone ebyiri umuriro, wasutse ubushobozi bwa electrode ya electrode
Ntabwo ibyuma gusa, grafite ya electrode ikora kandi ningufu zikoreshwa cyane ninganda zangiza cyane, kwagura ubushobozi ntabwo bizaba byiza. Umusaruro wa toni imwe ya electrode ya grafite ukoresha toni zigera kuri 1.7 zamakara asanzwe, kandi iyo uhinduwe toni 2,66 za dioxyde de carbone kuri toni yamakara asanzwe, toni imwe ya electrode ya grafite isohora toni zigera kuri 4.5 za dioxyde de carbone mukirere. Imbere muri Mongoliya ntagishoboye kwemeza umushinga wa grafite electrode uyumwaka nibimenyetso byiza.
Iyobowe nintego ebyiri za karubone hamwe nicyatsi kibisi, umusaruro wumwaka wa grafite electrode nayo yagabanutse bwa mbere mumyaka ine. Muri 2017, isoko rya eAF ku isi ryongeye kugaruka, bituma isabwa rya electrode ya grafite, abakinyi ba electrode ya grafite yongera umusaruro no kwagura ubushobozi, electrode ya Graphite mu Bushinwa kuva 2017 kugeza 2019 yerekanye iterambere ryinshi.
Ibyo bita cycle, ni hejuru yinyama zirya, epfo zirya noode.
Kubera ishoramari ryinshi n’umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite mu nganda, bikavamo imigabane myinshi ku isoko, byafunguye umuyoboro wamanutse w’inganda, gukuraho ibicuruzwa byabaye injyana nyamukuru. Muri 2020, umusaruro rusange wa electrode ya grafite ku isi wagabanutseho toni 340.000, ukamanuka kugera kuri 22%, Ubushinwa umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite nawo wagabanutse uva kuri toni 800.000 ugera kuri toni 730.000, umusaruro w’uyu mwaka uteganijwe kugabanuka gusa.
Ijoro rimwe inyuma mbere yo kwibohora.
Ubushobozi bwo kubyaza umusaruro ntabwo buri hejuru, ntamafaranga (marike make), ibiciro fatizo birazamuka. Kokiya ya peteroli, kokiya inshinge vuba aha icyumweru hejuru ya 300-600 yuan / toni. Ihuriro ryibibabi bitatu bikinisha grafite hamwe nuburyo bumwe gusa, aribwo kuzamura ibiciro. Ibisanzwe, imbaraga nyinshi, ultra-high power ibicuruzwa bitatu bya grafite electrode byongereye igiciro. Raporo ya Baichuan Yingfu ivuga ko, nubwo igiciro cyazamuka, isoko rya elegitoroniki ya elegitoronike yo mu Bushinwa iracyari mike, bamwe mu bakora inganda hafi ya zose nta bubiko bwa electrode iboneka, igipimo cy’imikorere gikomeje kuzamuka.
3. Guhindura ibyuma, kuri grafite electrode ifunguye umwanya wo gutekereza
Niba imipaka yumusaruro, izamuka ryibiciro hamwe ninyungu nizo mbaraga zitera kuzamuka kwizamuka ryibiciro bya electrode ya grafite nyuma yikizunguruka, impinduka zinganda zibyuma zifungura ibitekerezo byuko izamuka ryibiciro bizaza bya electrode yo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
Kugeza ubu, hafi 90% by’ibicuruzwa biva mu gihugu biva mu itanura ry’icyuma (kokiya), bifite imyuka myinshi ya karuboni. Mu myaka yashize, hamwe nibisabwa byigihugu muguhindura ubushobozi bwibyuma no kuzamura, kuzigama ingufu no kugabanya karubone, bamwe mubakora ibyuma bahindutse bava mu itanura riturika bahinduka itanura ryamashanyarazi. Politiki ijyanye n’umwaka ushize yanagaragaje ko ibyuma biva mu itanura ry’amashanyarazi bingana na 15% by’ibicuruzwa byose biva mu mahanga, kandi biharanira kugera kuri 20%. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, kubera ko electrode ya grafite ningirakamaro cyane ku itanura ryamashanyarazi arc, naryo ritezimbere mu buryo butaziguye ibisabwa byujuje ubuziranenge bwa electrode.
Ntampamvu ko igipimo cyibyuma bya EAF kigomba kunozwa. Imyaka itanu irashize, isi yose y’amashanyarazi arc itanura yumusaruro wibyuma bya peteroli bigeze kuri 25.2%, Amerika, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ibihugu 27 byari 62.7%, 39.4%, igihugu cyacu muri kariya gace kateye imbere hari umwanya munini , kugirango uzamure igishushanyo cya electrode ikenewe.
Kubwibyo, birashobora kugereranywa gusa ko niba umusaruro wibyuma bya EAF bingana na 20% byumusaruro rusange wibyuma bya peteroli mu 2025, naho umusaruro wibyuma bibarwa ukurikije toni miliyoni 800 / mwaka, Ubushinwa bukoresha amashanyarazi ya electrode mu 2025 ni toni zigera ku 750.000. Frost Sullivan ahanura ko byibuze igihembwe cya kane cy'uyu mwaka kigifite icyumba cyo gukoreramo.
Nukuri ko electrode ya grafite izamuka vuba, byose biterwa numukandara wamashanyarazi arc.
4. Muri make
Mu gusoza, grafite electrode ifite imiterere ikomeye yibihe, kandi ikoreshwa ryayo iroroshye, ibyo bikaba byatewe cyane ninganda zo hasi. Nyuma yizamuka kuva 2017 kugeza 2019, ryamanutse umwaka ushize. Uyu mwaka, ukurikije igipimo cy’umusaruro, inyungu ntoya n’igiciro kinini, igiciro cya electrode ya grafite cyaragabanutse kandi igipimo cy’ibikorwa gikomeje kwiyongera.
Mu bihe biri imbere, hamwe nicyatsi kibisi na karuboni nkeya zisabwa mu nganda zicyuma nicyuma, ibyuma bya EAF bizahinduka umusemburo wingenzi kugirango hongerwe ingufu za electrode ya grafite, ariko guhindura no kuzamura bizaba inzira ndende. Kuzamuka kw'ibiciro bya electrode ya grafite ntibishobora kuba byoroshye.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-08-2021