Mu 1955, Jilin Carbon Factory, ikigo cya mbere cy’Ubushinwa gishinzwe amashanyarazi ya grafiti, cyatangiye gukora ku mugaragaro ku bufasha bw’inzobere mu bya tekiniki zo mu cyahoze ari Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyeti. Mu mateka y’iterambere rya electrode ya grafiti, hari inyuguti ebyiri z’Abashinwa.
Electrode ya grafiti, ibikoresho bya grafiti birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, ifite imiterere myiza yo gutwara umuriro no gutanga amashanyarazi, ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukoraicyuma.
Mu rwego rwo kuzamuka kw'ibicuruzwa muri rusange, electrode ya grafiti y'uyu mwaka ntabwo ikora. Igiciro mpuzandengo cy'isoko ry'amashanyarazi rya grafiti ryari Yuan 21393 kuri toni,byazamutseho 51%kuva mu gihe nk'icyo umwaka ushize. Kubera iyi mpamvu, electrode ya grafiti yo mu gihugu (isoko rirenga 20%) - Fang Da karuboni (600516) mu bihembwe bitatu bya mbere by'uyu mwaka, inyungu y'ibikorwa bya miliyari 3.57 z'amayuani, izamuka rya 37% ry'umwaka ku mwaka, ryagarutse ku izamuka ry'inyungu rusange rya 118%. Iyi ntambwe itangaje yakuruye ibigo birenga 30 gukora iperereza mu cyumweru gishize, muri byo harimo ibigo byinshi binini byo gukusanya inkunga nka Efonda na Harvest.
Kandi inshuti zitondera inganda z'amashanyarazi zose zizi ko munsi y'imbaraga z'urusengero zikoresha ingufu inshuro ebyiri, ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa n'inganda zihumanya ikirere zahagaritse umusaruro no guhagarara. Inganda z'ibyuma nk'ibigo bifite ingufu ebyiri zigomba kandi kugira uruhare runini mu ntara ya Hebei y'icyuma n'icyuma ni zo zigaragara cyane. Dukurikije ukuri, umusaruro muke w'ibyuma, icyifuzo cya electrode ya grafiti nacyo kizagabanuka, bitewe n'amano ashobora gutekereza, ibiciro bya electrode ya grafiti bigomba kugabanuka ah.
1. Nta ma-electrode ya grafiti afite, amatanura y'amashanyarazi ntakora
Kugira ngo usobanukirwe neza ibijyanye na electrode za grafiti, ni ngombwa gufungura uruhererekane rw'inganda kugira ngo urebe gato. Hejuru, electrode ya grafiti ijya kuri coke ya peteroli, inshinge za coke ebyiri z'ibinyabutabire nk'ibikoresho fatizo, binyuze mu gutegura inzira 11 zigoye,Toni 1 ya electrode ya grafiti ikenera toni 1.02 z'ibikoresho fatizo, ukwezi k'umusaruro w'ibicuruzwa kukaba iminsi irenga 50, igiciro cy'ibikoresho kikaba kirenga 65%.
Nkuko nabivuze, electrode za grafiti zitwara amashanyarazi. Dukurikije ubucucike bwemewe bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, electrode za grafiti zishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiriingufu zisanzwe, ingufu nyinshi n'imbaraga nyinshi cyaneElectrode za grafiti. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa electrode bufite imiterere itandukanye ya fiziki n'iya shimi.
Munsi y'uruzi, electrode za grafiti zikoreshwa mu itanura ry'inyongera, silikoni y'inganda nafosifore y'umuhondoumusaruro, icyuma gikorerwa muri rusange kibarwa hafi80%mu ikoreshwa ryose rya electrode za grafiti, igiciro cya vuba aha giterwa ahanini n'inganda z'ibyuma. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hamwe n'umubare w'ibyuma bya EAF bifite ingufu nyinshi kandi bifite imikorere myiza, electrode za grafiti nazo zirimo gutera imbere zigana ku ngufu nyinshi cyane, zifite imikorere myiza kurusha ingufu zisanzwe. Ni nde uzi gukoresha nezaelectrode ya grafiti ifite imbaraga nyinshi cyaneikoranabuhanga, uzayobora isoko ry'ejo hazaza. Kuri ubu, inganda 10 za mbere ku isi zikora electrodes za grafiti zifite ingufu nyinshi cyane zigize hafi 44.4% by'umusaruro wose wa electrodes za grafiti zifite ingufu nyinshi cyane ku isi. Isoko ririmo abantu benshi, kandi igihugu gikomeye ni Ubuyapani.
Kugira ngo usobanukirwe neza ibi bikurikira, dore incamake y'uburyo bwo gukora ibyuma. Muri rusange, gushongesha ibyuma n'ibyuma bigabanyijemo ibiceitanura riturikanaitanura ry'amashanyarazi rikoresha icyuma gishyushya: iya mbere izaba icyuma cy'ubutare, coke n'ibindi byuma bishongesha ingurube, hanyuma hagakurikiraho igikoresho kinini gihindura umwuka wa ogisijeni, icyuma gishongesha kikavamo icyuma gikozwe mu byuma bishongesha. Indi ikoresha imiterere myiza y'amashanyarazi n'ubushyuhe bya electrode za grafiti kugira ngo ishongeshe ibyuma bisigaye bikavamo icyuma.
Bityo rero, electrode ya grafiti yo gukora icyuma cya EAF, nka PVDF ya anode ya lithium, ntabwo ikenewe cyane (toni 1 y'icyuma ikoresha electrode ya grafiti ya 1.2-2.5kg gusa), ariko mu by'ukuri ntibishoboka iyo idafite. Kandi nta yindi izabaho vuba aha.
2. Karuboni ebyiri ku muriro, zasutsemo ubushobozi bwa electrode ya grafiti
Si icyuma gusa, gukora electrode ya grafiti ni urwego rukoresha ingufu nyinshi kandi rutanga imyuka myinshi ihumanya ikirere, kongera ubushobozi mu gihe kizaza ntabwo ari byiza. Gukora toni imwe ya electrode ya grafiti bitwara toni zigera kuri 1.7 z'amakara asanzwe, kandi iyo bihinduwe toni 2.66 za dioxyde de carbone kuri toni imwe y'amakara asanzwe, toni imwe ya electrode ya grafiti yohereza toni zigera kuri 4.5 za dioxyde de carbone mu kirere. Igihugu cya Mongolia ntikicyemera umushinga wa electrode ya grafiti muri uyu mwaka ni ikimenyetso cyiza.
Bitewe n’intego ya karuboni ebyiri n’insanganyamatsiko y’icyatsi kibisi, umusaruro w’umwaka wa electrode za grafiti nawo wagabanutse ku nshuro ya mbere mu myaka ine. Mu 2017, isoko ry’icyuma rya eAF ku isi ryazamutse, bituma electrode za grafiti zikenerwa, abahanga mu gupima electrode za grafiti byongera umusaruro no kwagura ubushobozi, electrode ya Grafiti mu Bushinwa kuva mu 2017 kugeza 2019 yagaragaje icyerekezo cyo kwiyongera cyane.
Icyo bita cycle, ni inyama zo mu mazi zijya hejuru, noodle zo mu mazi zijya hasi.
Kubera ishoramari rikabije n'umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti mu nganda, bigatuma imigabane myinshi ku isoko, byafunguye umuyoboro wo hasi w'inganda, ishyirwa mu bubiko ry'ibikoresho ryabaye ikintu nyamukuru. Mu 2020, umusaruro rusange wa electrode ya grafiti ku isi wagabanutseho toni 340.000, ugabanukaho 22%, umusaruro w'amashanyarazi ya grafiti mu Bushinwa nawo wagabanutse uva kuri toni 800.000 ugera kuri toni 730.000, umusaruro nyawo w'uyu mwaka witezwe kugabanuka gusa.
Ijoro rimwe mbere yo kwibohora.
Ubushobozi bw'umusaruro ntiburazamuka, nta mafaranga (inyungu rusange iri hasi), ibiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo biriyongera. Coke ya peteroli, needle coke iherutse kwiyongera hagati ya yuan 300-600 ku toni mu cyumweru. Uruvange rw'ibi bitatu rusize abahanga muri grafiti bafite amahitamo amwe gusa, ari yo kuzamura ibiciro. Ibicuruzwa bisanzwe, bifite ingufu nyinshi, bifite imbaraga nyinshi cyane byazamuye igiciro. Nk'uko raporo ya Baichuan Yingfu ibivuga, nubwo igiciro cyazamuka, isoko rya electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa riracyari rike, bamwe mu bakora hafi nta bikoresho bya electrode ya grafiti bifite, igipimo cy'imikorere kiracyazamuka.
3. Guhindura icyuma, kugira ngo electrode ya grafiti ifungure umwanya wo gutekereza
Niba imipaka y'umusaruro, izamuka ry'ibiciro ndetse no kutagira inyungu ari byo bituma ibiciro bya electrode za grafiti bizamuka nyuma y'uko uruziga rugabanutse, impinduka mu nganda z'ibyuma zifungura ibitekerezo ku izamuka ry'ibiciro bya electrode za grafiti zo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu gihe kizaza.
Kuri ubu, hafi 90% by'umusaruro w'icyuma gikozwe mu rugo uturuka mu gukora ibyuma bicukurwa mu itanura (coke), bifite imyuka myinshi ya karuboni. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, bitewe n'ibisabwa mu gihugu byo guhindura no kunoza ubushobozi bw'icyuma, kuzigama ingufu no kugabanya karuboni, bamwe mu bakora ibyuma bahinduye kuva mu itanura ricukurwa mu itanura ricukurwa mu itanura ricukurwa mu ikoranabuhanga rikoresha amashanyarazi. Politiki zijyanye n'ibyo zashyizweho umwaka ushize nazo zagaragaje ko umusaruro w'icyuma gicukurwa mu itanura ricukurwa mu ikoranabuhanga rikoresha amashanyarazi wari urenze 15% by'umusaruro wose w'icyuma gikozwe mu ruganda, kandi bagaharanira kugera kuri 20%. Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, kubera ko electrode ya grafiti ari ingenzi cyane ku itanura ricukurwa mu ikoranabuhanga rikoresha amashanyarazi, inanoza mu buryo butaziguye ibisabwa na electrode ya grafiti.
Si impamvu idafite ishingiro ko igipimo cy'ibyuma bya EAF gikwiye kunozwa. Mu myaka itanu ishize, igipimo cy'umusaruro w'ibyuma bya elegitoroniki ku isi mu byuma bicukurwamo amashanyarazi cyageze kuri 25.2%, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibihugu 27 by'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi byari 62.7%, 39.4%, igihugu cyacu muri uru rwego rw'iterambere gifite umwanya munini, kugira ngo cyongere icyifuzo cya electrode ya grafiti.
Bityo rero, bishobora kugereranywa ko niba umusaruro w'icyuma cya EAF ugera kuri 20% by'umusaruro wose w'icyuma cya kera mu 2025, kandi umusaruro w'icyuma cya kera ukabarwa hakurikijwe toni miliyoni 800 ku mwaka, icyifuzo cy'amashanyarazi ya grafiti mu Bushinwa mu 2025 ni toni 750.000. Frost Sullivan ateganya ko nibura igihembwe cya kane cy'uyu mwaka kigifite umwanya wo gukora.
Ni ukuri ko electrode ya grafiti izamuka vuba, byose biterwa n'umukandara w'itanura ry'amashanyarazi.
4. Muri make
Muri make, electrode ya grafiti ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukoresha mu gihe runaka, kandi uburyo ikoreshwamo ni bworoshye, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka cyane ku nganda z’ibyuma zikora mu gihe gito. Nyuma yo kongera gukora kuva mu 2017 kugeza mu 2019, yagabanutse umwaka ushize. Muri uyu mwaka, bitewe n’umusaruro ntarengwa, inyungu mbumbe nto n’igiciro kinini, igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti cyaragabanutse kandi igipimo cy’imikorere gikomeje kuzamuka.
Mu gihe kizaza, bitewe n’ibisabwa mu nganda z’ibyuma n’ibyuma kugira ngo habeho impinduka nziza ku bidukikije no ku bidukikije bike, ibyuma bya EAF bizaba imbarutso y’ingenzi mu gutuma electrode ya grafiti yiyongera, ariko guhindura no kuvugurura bizaba urugendo rurerure. Izamuka ry’ibiciro bya electrode za grafiti rishobora kuba ritoroshye cyane.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-08-2021