I. Uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro ibikoresho byo kongera gushyiramo kaburiteri mu byiciro
Kaburizeri zishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bune hakurikijwe ibikoresho fatizo byazo.
1. Grafiti y'ubukorano
Ibikoresho by'ingenzi bikoreshwa mu gukora grafiti y'ubukorano ni coke ya peteroli nziza cyane ya calcium, aho asphalt yongerwamo nk'icyuma gifunga, hanyuma hongerwamo ibindi bikoresho bike by'inyongera. Nyuma y'uko ibikoresho bitandukanye bivanzwe, birakandagirwa, hanyuma bigatunganywa mu kirere kidahumanya kuri 2500-3000 ° C kugira ngo bihindurwe graphite. Nyuma yo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwinshi, ivu, sulfur na gaze biragabanuka cyane.
Bitewe n’igiciro kiri hejuru cy’ibicuruzwa bya grafiti y’ubukorano, inyinshi mu bikoresho bya grafiti y’ubukorano bikunze gukoreshwa mu nganda zikora uruganda ni ibikoresho bishobora kongera gukoreshwa nk’ibice by’ubukorano, electrodes z’imyanda n’ibice bya grafiti iyo bikozwe mu gukora electrodes za grafiti kugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi cyo gukora.
Mu gihe cyo gushongesha icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa ductile, kugira ngo icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa metallurgike kibe kinini, grafiti y'ubukorano ni yo ikwiye kuba amahitamo ya mbere ku gikoresho cyo kongera gushongesha icyuma.
2. Koka ya peteroli
Koke ya peteroli ni recarburizer ikoreshwa cyane.
Coke ya peteroli ni umusaruro uboneka binyuze mu gutunganya peteroli. Ibisigazwa n'ibisigazwa bya peteroli biboneka binyuze mu gusya munsi y'umuvuduko usanzwe cyangwa munsi y'umuvuduko muto w'amavuta bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora coke ya peteroli, hanyuma coke ya peteroli ishobora kuboneka nyuma yo gusya. Umusaruro wa coke ya peteroli y'icyatsi kibisi ni munsi ya 5% by'amavuta ya peteroli akoreshwa buri mwaka. Umusaruro wa coke ya peteroli y'icyatsi kibisi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni toni miliyoni 30. Ubusembwa buri muri coke ya peteroli y'icyatsi kibisi ni bwinshi, bityo ntishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye nk'umusemburo wo kongeramo umwuka, kandi igomba kubanza gukurwamo calcium.
Koka ya peteroli mbisi iboneka mu buryo bumeze nk'ikironge, nk'urushinge, nk'ibinure n'amazi.
Coke ya peteroli ya siponji itegurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guteka buhoro buhoro. Bitewe n'uko ifite sulfure nyinshi n'icyuma, ikunze gukoreshwa nk'amavuta mu gihe cyo guteka, kandi ishobora no gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo bya coke ya peteroli ya calcium. Coke ya siponji ya calcium ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu nganda za aluminiyumu no mu kongera gukoresha carburizer.
Coke yo mu bwoko bwa peteroli itegurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo guteka buhoro buhoro hamwe n'ibikoresho fatizo bifite ingano nyinshi ya hydrocarbons zihumura neza n'ingano nke y'imyanda. Iyi coke ifite imiterere isa n'urushinge yoroshye kuvunika, rimwe na rimwe yitwa graphite coke, kandi ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora electrodes za graphite nyuma yo gukaraba.
Koke ya peteroli ifite granular igizwe n'udukoko dukomeye kandi ikorwa mu bikoresho fatizo bifite sulfure nyinshi na asphaltene hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "delayed coking", kandi ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'amavuta.
Koke ya peteroli ikozwe mu buryo bw'amazi iboneka binyuze mu gukaraba buri gihe mu buriri bukozwe mu buryo bw'amazi.
Gukaranga peteroli coke ni ugukuraho sulfur, ubushuhe n'ibintu bihumanya. Gukaranga peteroli coke y'icyatsi kibisi kuri dogere selisiyusi 1200-1350 bishobora gutuma iba karuboni nziza cyane.
Inganda zikora aluminiyumu zikoresha cyane koke ya calcium irimo calcium, 70% byayo ikoreshwa mu gukora anode zigabanya bauxite. Hafi 6% bya koke ya calcium irimo calcium ikorerwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ikoreshwa mu gukora carburizers z'icyuma gishongeshejwe.
3. Grafite isanzwe
Graphite karemano ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: graphite y'urukiramende na graphite y'ibumba.
Graphite ya microcrystalline ifite ivu rinini kandi muri rusange ntikoreshwa nk'icyuma gikoreshwa mu kongera gukoresha ibyuma.
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa grafiti ya karuboni: grafiti ya karuboni nyinshi igomba gukurwamo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa shimi, cyangwa igashyushwa kugeza ku bushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo ibore kandi ihindure ogiside ziyirimo. Ivu riri muri grafiti ni rinini, bityo ntirikwiye gukoreshwa nk'imashini igabanya karuboni; grafiti ya karuboni ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'imashini igabanya karuboni, ariko ingano yayo si nyinshi.
4. Carbon Coke na Anthracite
Mu gihe cyo gukora ibyuma by'umuriro w'amashanyarazi, coke cyangwa anthracite bishobora kongerwamo nk'icyuma gihindura umwuka iyo bishyushya. Bitewe n'ivu ryayo rinini n'ubwinshi bwayo buhindagurika, icyuma gishongesha umuriro gikoreshwa gake cyane nk'icyuma gihindura umwuka.
Bitewe n’uko ibintu bikomeza kunozwa mu bijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije, hakomeje kwitabwaho cyane imikoreshereze y’umutungo, kandi ibiciro by’ibyuma by’ingurube na coke bikomeje kuzamuka, bigatuma ikiguzi cyo gucukura gikomeza kwiyongera. Inganda nyinshi zikora ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi zitangiye gukoresha amatanura y’amashanyarazi kugira ngo zisimbuze gucukura kwa cupola gakondo. Mu ntangiriro za 2011, ikigo gito n’igiciriritse cy’uruganda rwacu cyakoresheje uburyo bwo gucukura amatanura y’amashanyarazi kugira ngo gisimbuze uburyo bwo gucukura bwa cupola gakondo. Gukoresha ibyuma byinshi by’ibisigazwa mu gucukura amatanura y’amashanyarazi ntibigabanya ikiguzi gusa, ahubwo binanoza imiterere y’ibikoresho byo gucukura, ariko ubwoko bwa recarburizer ikoreshwa hamwe n’uburyo bwo gucukura amatanura bigira uruhare runini.
II. Uburyo bwo gukoresha recarburizgushonga mu itanura ry’inyongera
1. Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwa recarburizers
Hari ibikoresho byinshi bikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo kongera gukoresha icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma, ibikunze gukoreshwa ni grafiti y'ubukorano, coke ya peteroli ya calcium, grafiti karemano, coke, anthracite, n'ibindi bivanze bikozwe muri ibyo bikoresho.
(1) Graphite y’ubukorano Mu bikoresho bitandukanye byavuzwe haruguru, ubwiza bwiza ni graphite y’ubukorano. Ibikoresho by’ingenzi byo gukora graphite y’ubukorano ni coke ya peteroli ifite calcium nziza cyane, aho asphalt yongerwamo nk'ikintu gifunga, hanyuma hongerwamo ibindi bikoresho bike by’inyongera. Nyuma y’uko ibikoresho bitandukanye bivanze, birakandagirwa, hanyuma bigatunganywa mu kirere kitarimo ogisijeni kuri 2500-3000 °C kugira ngo bikoreshwe graphite. Nyuma yo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwinshi, ivu, sulfur na gaze biragabanuka cyane. Iyo nta coke ya peteroli ifite calcium ku bushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa ubushyuhe budahagije bwa calcination, ubwiza bwa recarburizer buzagira ingaruka zikomeye. Kubwibyo, ubwiza bwa recarburizer bushingiye ahanini ku rugero rwa graphitization. Imashini nziza yo kongeramo umwuka irimo karuboni ya grafiti (igice cy'uburemere). Ku kigero cya 95% kugeza 98%, ingano ya sulfure ni 0.02% kugeza 0.05%, naho ingano ya azote ni (100 kugeza 200) × 10-6.
(2) Peteroli coke ni recarburizer ikoreshwa cyane. Peteroli coke ni umusaruro ukomoka ku mavuta asukuye. Ibisigazwa n'ibice bya peteroli biva mu gusya amavuta asukuye bisanzwe cyangwa gusya amavuta asukuye bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora peteroli coke. Nyuma yo gusya, peteroli coke irashobora kuboneka. Ingano yayo iba nyinshi kandi ntishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye nk'iy'isukari, kandi igomba kubanza gukurwamo calcium.
(3) Graphite karemano ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: graphite y'urukiramende na graphite y'urukiramende. Graphite y'urukiramende ifite ivu ryinshi kandi muri rusange ntikoreshwa nk'imashini ikoreshwa mu byuma bishongeshejwe. Hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa graphite y'urukiramende: graphite y'urukiramende ifite ivu ryinshi igomba gukurwamo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa shimi, cyangwa igashyushwa kugeza ku bushyuhe bwinshi kugira ngo ibore kandi ihindure ogiside ziyirimo. Ivu riri muri graphite ni rinini kandi ntirigomba gukoreshwa nk'imashini ikoreshwa mu gukosora. Graphite ya karuboni iringaniye ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'imashini ikoreshwa mu gukosora, ariko ingano yayo si nyinshi.
(4) Carbon Coke na anthracite Mu gihe cyo gushongesha ifuru ikoresha induction, coke cyangwa anthracite bishobora kongerwamo nk'imashini ikoresha induction iyo irimo gusharija. Bitewe n'uko ifite ivu rinini n'ingano ihindagurika, icyuma gishongesha ifuru ikoresha induction ntabwo gikunze gukoreshwa nk'imashini ikoresha induction. Igiciro cy'iyi recarburizer kiri hasi, kandi ni icya recarburizer yo mu rwego rwo hasi.
2. Ihame ryo guhindura icyuma gishongeshejwe
Mu gikorwa cyo gushongesha icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa sintetike, bitewe n’ingano y’ibisigazwa byongewemo hamwe n’ingano nto ya C mu cyuma gishongeshejwe, carburizer igomba gukoreshwa kugira ngo yongere karuboni. Karuboni iboneka mu buryo bwa element muri recarburizer ifite ubushyuhe bwo gushonga bwa 3727°C kandi ntishobora gushonga ku bushyuhe bw’icyuma gishongeshejwe. Kubwibyo, karuboni iri muri recarburizer ahanini ishongeshwa mu cyuma gishongeshejwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bubiri bwo gushonga no gukwirakwira. Iyo ingano ya graphite recarburizer mu cyuma gishongeshejwe ari 2.1%, graphite ishobora gushonga mu cyuma gishongeshejwe. Uburyo bwo gukemura ikibazo cya karuboni idafite graphite ntabwo bubaho, ariko uko igihe kigenda gihita, karuboni irakwirakwira buhoro buhoro ikashonga mu cyuma gishongeshejwe. Kugira ngo icyuma gishongeshejwe gishongeshwe n’itanura rishongeshejwe, igipimo cyo kongera karuboni idafite graphite ikoreshwa mu gushonga kiri hejuru cyane kuruta iy’ibikoresho bidakoresha graphite.
Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko gushonga kwa karuboni mu cyuma gishongeshejwe bigenzurwa n’uburyo karuboni ikwirakwira mu gice cy’umupaka w’amazi ku buso bw’uduce tw’ibumba. Ugereranije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku duce twa coke na coal n’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi ku duce twa graphite, byagaragaye ko uburyo graphite recarburizers ziyongera mu cyuma gishongeshejwe bwihuta cyane kurusha ubw’uduce twa coke na coal. Ingero za coke na coal zashongeshejwe igice zarebwe hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi ya elegitoroniki, kandi byagaragaye ko hari agace gato k’ivu gafata ku buso bw’uduce twa electron, ari na byo byagize ingaruka ku gukwirakwira no gushonga kwatwo mu cyuma gishongeshejwe.
3. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka z'ubwiyongere bwa karuboni
(1) Ingaruka z'ingano y'uduce twa recarburizer. Igipimo cyo kwinjiza kwa recarburizer gishingiye ku ngaruka zihuriweho z'igipimo cyo gusenyuka no gukwirakwira kwa recarburizer ndetse n'igipimo cyo gutakaza ogisijeni. Muri rusange, uduce twa recarburizer ni duto, umuvuduko wo gusenyuka ni wihuta, kandi umuvuduko wo gutakaza ni munini; uduce twa carburizer ni tunini, umuvuduko wo gusenyuka ni muto, kandi umuvuduko wo gutakaza ni muto. Guhitamo ingano y'uduce twa recarburizer bifitanye isano n'umurambararo n'ubushobozi bw'itanura. Muri rusange, iyo umurambararo n'ubushobozi bw'itanura ari binini, ingano y'uduce twa recarburizer igomba kuba nini; ahubwo ingano y'uduce twa recarburizer igomba kuba nto.
(2) Ingaruka z'ingano ya recarburizer yongeweho Mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe runaka n'imiterere imwe ya shimi, ingano yuzuye ya karuboni mu cyuma gishongeshejwe irazwi. Mu gihe cy'ingano runaka y'ubushyuhe, uko recarburizer yongewemo ni ko igihe gisabwa cyo gushonga no gukwirakwira ni kinini, ni ko igihombo gikwirakwira kiba kinini, kandi igipimo cyo kwinjizamo kikagabanuka.
(3) Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku gipimo cyo kwinjiza kaburiteri. Muri rusange, uko ubushyuhe bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe burushaho kuba bwinshi, ni ko birushaho gutuma kaburiteri ibasha kwinjiza no gushonga. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, kaburiteri iragoye gushonga, kandi igipimo cyo kwinjiza kaburiteri kigabanuka. Ariko, iyo ubushyuhe bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe bukabije, nubwo kaburiteri ishobora gushonga neza, igipimo cyo gutakaza karuboni kiziyongera, ibyo bikazatuma karuboni igabanuka kandi igipimo cyo kwinjiza kaburiteri kikagabanuka. Muri rusange, iyo ubushyuhe bw'icyuma gishongeshejwe buri hagati ya 1460 na 1550 °C, ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza kaburiteri ni bwo bwiza cyane.
(4) Ingaruka z'icyuma gishongeshejwe ku muvuduko wo kwinjiza karuboni. Gukangura bigira akamaro mu gushonga no gukwirakwira kwa karuboni, kandi birinda ko karuboni itemba hejuru y'icyuma gishongeshejwe ikatwikwa. Mbere yuko karuboni ishongeshejwe burundu, igihe cyo gukangura kiba kirekire kandi umuvuduko wo kwinjiza uba munini. Gukangura bishobora kandi kugabanya igihe cyo gufata karuboni, kugabanya uruziga rwo gukora, no kwirinda gutwika ibintu bivanze mu cyuma gishongeshejwe. Ariko, iyo igihe cyo gukangura ari kirekire cyane, ntabwo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bw'itanura gusa, ahubwo binatuma karuboni itakaza mu cyuma gishongeshejwe nyuma y'uko karuboni ishongeshejwe. Kubwibyo, igihe gikwiye cyo gukangura icyuma gishongeshejwe kiba gikwiye kugira ngo karuboni ishongeshwe burundu.
(5) Ingaruka z'imiti y'icyuma gishongeshejwe ku gipimo cyo kwinjiza cya recarburizer Iyo ingano ya karuboni mu cyuma gishongeshejwe iri hejuru, munsi y'umupaka runaka wo gushonga, igipimo cyo kwinjiza cya recarburizer kiba gito, ingano yo kwinjiza iba nto, kandi igihombo cyo gutwika kiba kinini. Igipimo cyo kwinjiza cya recarburizer kiba gito. Ibinyuranye n'ibyo ni uko iyo ingano ya karuboni mu cyuma gishongeshejwe iri hasi. Byongeye kandi, silikoni na sulfur mu cyuma gishongeshejwe bibangamira kwinjiza karuboni kandi bikagabanya igipimo cyo kwinjiza cya recarburizer; mu gihe manganese ifasha kwinjiza karuboni no kunoza igipimo cyo kwinjiza cya recarburizer. Ku bijyanye n'urwego rw'ingaruka, silikoni ni yo nini cyane, ikurikirwa na manganese, kandi karuboni na sulfur bigira ingaruka nke. Kubwibyo, mu buryo nyabwo bwo gukora, manganese igomba kubanza kongerwamo, hanyuma karuboni, hanyuma silikoni.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-04-2022