01. Nigute washyira mubikorwa recarburizers
Carburizers irashobora kugabanwa muburyo bune ukurikije ibikoresho byabo bibisi.
1. Igishushanyo mbonera
Ibikoresho by'ibanze byo gukora grafite ya artite ni ifu nziza yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ibarwa ya peteroli ya kokiya, aho asifalt yongeweho nka binder, kandi hongeweho umubare muto wibindi bikoresho bifasha. Nyuma yuko ibikoresho bitandukanye bibisi bivanze hamwe, bigakanda hanyuma bigakorwa, hanyuma bigakorerwa mukirere kidafite okiside kuri 2500-3000 ° C kugirango kibe gishushanyije. Nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe bwinshi, ivu, sulfure na gaze biragabanuka cyane.
Bitewe nigiciro gihanitse cyibicuruzwa bya grafite, ibyinshi mubikorwa bya grafite ya artite ya recarburizers ikoreshwa mubishingwe ni ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa nka chip, imyanda ya electrode hamwe na blokite ya grafite mugihe ukora electrode ya grafite kugirango igabanye ibicuruzwa.
Mugihe cyo gushonga ibyuma byimyanda, kugirango uburinganire bwubwiza bwibyuma bikozwe hejuru, grafite artificiel igomba kuba ihitamo ryambere rya recarburizer.
2. Kokiya ya peteroli
Kokiya ya peteroli ni rearburizer ikoreshwa cyane.
Kokiya ya peteroli nigicuruzwa kiboneka mugutunganya amavuta ya peteroli. Ibisigara hamwe nibikomoka kuri peteroli byabonetse kubitandukanya nigitutu gisanzwe cyangwa munsi yumuvuduko ukabije wamavuta ya peteroli birashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo byo gukora kokiya ya peteroli, hanyuma kokiya peteroli yicyatsi irashobora kuboneka nyuma yo kunywa. Umusaruro wa peteroli yicyatsi kibisi uri munsi ya 5% byamavuta ya peteroli yakoreshejwe. Umusaruro wa buri mwaka wa kokiya ya peteroli mbisi muri Amerika ni toni miliyoni 30. Ibirimo umwanda muri peteroli ya peteroli yicyatsi ni ndende, ntabwo rero ishobora gukoreshwa muburyo butaziguye, kandi igomba kubarwa mbere.
Kokoro ya peteroli iboneka iraboneka muri sponge-isa, inshinge, imiterere ya granular na fluid.
Sponge peteroli ya kokiya itegurwa nuburyo bwo gutinda bwa kokiya. Bitewe na sulfure nyinshi hamwe nibyuma, mubisanzwe bikoreshwa nka lisansi mugihe cyo kubara, kandi birashobora no gukoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo bya kokiya ya peteroli ibarwa. Coke ibarwa ya sponge ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa bya aluminium kandi nka recarburizer.
Urushinge rwa peteroli ya kokiya rutegurwa nuburyo bwatinze bwa kokiya hamwe nibikoresho fatizo birimo hydrocarbone ya aromatique hamwe nibintu bike byanduye. Iyi kokiya ifite inshinge zimenetse byoroshye nkimiterere, rimwe na rimwe bita grafite coke, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mugukora electrode ya grafite nyuma yo kubara.
Coke ya peteroli ya Granular iri muburyo bwa granules kandi ikozwe mubikoresho fatizo birimo sulfure na asfaltene hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa kokiya yatinze, kandi ikoreshwa cyane nka lisansi.
Amavuta ya kokiya ya peteroli aboneka mugukomeza guhora mu buriri bwuzuye amazi.
Kubara kokiya ya peteroli ni ugukuraho sulfure, ubushuhe, hamwe n’ibihindagurika. Kubara kokisi ya peteroli yicyatsi kuri 1200-1350 ° C irashobora gutuma iba karubone nziza.
Umukoresha munini wa peteroli ya kokiya yabazwe ni inganda za aluminium, 70% muri zo zikoreshwa mu gukora anode igabanya bauxite. Hafi ya 6% ya kokiya ya peteroli ibarwa ikorerwa muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika ikoreshwa mugukoresha ibyuma bisubiramo ibyuma.
3. Igishushanyo mbonera
Igishushanyo gisanzwe gishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: flake grafite na microcrystalline grafite.
Microcrystalline grafite ifite ivu ryinshi kandi mubisanzwe ntabwo ikoreshwa nka recarburizer kumyuma.
Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa flake grafite: hejuru ya karubone flake grafite igomba gukururwa nuburyo bwa chimique, cyangwa gushyushya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kugirango ibore kandi ihindure okiside irimo. Ivu riri muri grafite ni ryinshi, ntabwo rero rikwiriye gukoreshwa nka recarburizer; giciriritse ya karubone ikoreshwa cyane nka recarburizer, ariko umubare ntabwo ari mwinshi.
4. Kokiya na Anthracite
Mubikorwa byo gukora amashanyarazi ya arc itanura ibyuma, kokiya cyangwa anthracite birashobora kongerwaho nka recarburizer mugihe wishyuye. Bitewe nivu ryinshi hamwe nibirimo bihindagurika, itanura rya induction gushonga ibyuma ntibikoreshwa gake nka recarburizer.
Hamwe nogukomeza kunoza ibisabwa byo kurengera ibidukikije, hitaweho cyane cyane gukoresha umutungo, kandi ibiciro byicyuma cyingurube na kokiya bikomeje kwiyongera, bigatuma ibiciro bya casting byiyongera. Ibishingwe byinshi kandi byinshi bitangiye gukoresha itanura ryamashanyarazi kugirango risimbuze igikombe cya gakondo. Mu ntangiriro z'umwaka wa 2011, amahugurwa mato mato n'ibiciriritse y'uruganda rwacu nayo yemeye uburyo bwo gushonga itanura ry'amashanyarazi kugirango risimbuze inzira gakondo yo gushonga. Gukoresha ibyuma byinshi bishaje mu gucana itanura ryamashanyarazi ntibishobora kugabanya ibiciro gusa, ahubwo binatezimbere imiterere yubukorikori, ariko ubwoko bwa recarburizer bwakoreshejwe hamwe na carburizing bigira uruhare runini.
02. Nigute wakoresha recarburizer mumashanyarazi ya induction
1 Ubwoko bwibanze bwa recarburizers
Hariho ibikoresho byinshi bikoreshwa nka rearburizeri zicyuma, zikunze gukoreshwa ni grafite artificiel, kokiya peteroli ibarwa, grafite karemano, kokiya, anthracite, nuruvange rukozwe muri ibyo bikoresho.
. Ibikoresho by'ibanze byo gukora grafite ya artite ni ifu nziza yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ibarwa ya peteroli ya kokiya, aho asifalt yongeweho nka binder, kandi hongeweho umubare muto wibindi bikoresho bifasha. Nyuma yuko ibikoresho bitandukanye bibisi bivanze hamwe, bigakanda hanyuma bigakorwa, hanyuma bigakorerwa mukirere kidafite okiside kuri 2500-3000 ° C kugirango kibe gishushanyije. Nyuma yo kuvura ubushyuhe bwinshi, ivu, sulfure na gaze biragabanuka cyane. Niba nta kokiya ya peteroli ibarwa ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru cyangwa hamwe n'ubushyuhe bwo kubara budahagije, ubwiza bwa recarburizer buzagira ingaruka zikomeye. Kubwibyo, ubwiza bwa recarburizer ahanini biterwa nurwego rwo gushushanya. Recarburizer nziza irimo karubone ya grafitike (igice kinini) Kuri 95% kugeza 98%, ibirimo sulfure ni 0.02% kugeza 0.05%, naho azote ni (100 kugeza 200) × 10-6.
(2) Kokiya ya peteroli ni recarburizer ikoreshwa cyane. Kokiya ya peteroli nigicuruzwa kiboneka mugutunganya amavuta ya peteroli. Ibisigara hamwe nibikomoka kuri peteroli byabonetse muguhagarika umuvuduko uhoraho cyangwa kuvanaho vacuum amavuta ya peteroli birashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo byo gukora kokiya ya peteroli. Nyuma yo kunywa, kokiya ya peteroli mbisi irashobora kuboneka. Ibirimo ni byinshi kandi ntibishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butaziguye nka recarburizer, kandi bigomba kubarwa mbere.
(3) Igishushanyo mbonera gishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bubiri: flake grafite na microcrystalline grafite. Microcrystalline grafite ifite ivu ryinshi kandi mubisanzwe ntabwo ikoreshwa nka recarburizer kumyuma. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa flake grafite: hejuru ya karubone flake grafite igomba gukururwa nuburyo bwa chimique, cyangwa gushyushya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kugirango ibore kandi ihindure okiside irimo. Ivu riri muri grafite ni ndende kandi ntigomba gukoreshwa nka recarburizer. Hagati ya carbone grafite ikoreshwa cyane nka recarburizer, ariko amafaranga ntabwo ari menshi.
. Bitewe nivu ryinshi hamwe nibirimo bihindagurika, itanura rya induction gushonga ibyuma ntibikoreshwa gake nka recarburizer. , Igiciro cyiyi recarburizer ni gito, kandi ni iyicyiciro cyo hasi ya recarburizer.
2. Ihame rya karburizasi yicyuma gishongeshejwe
Muburyo bwo gushonga ibyuma bya sintetike, kubera ubwinshi bwibisigazwa byongeweho hamwe na C nkeya mucyuma gishongeshejwe, hagomba gukoreshwa karburizer kugirango yongere karubone. Carbone ibaho muburyo bwa element muri recarburizer ifite ubushyuhe bwa 3727 ° C kandi ntishobora gushonga kubushyuhe bwicyuma gishongeshejwe. Kubwibyo, karubone muri recarburizer ishonga cyane mubyuma bishongeshejwe muburyo bubiri bwo gusesa no gukwirakwizwa. Iyo ibiri muri grafite recarburizer mubyuma bishongeshejwe ni 2,1%, grafite irashobora gushonga muburyo butaziguye. Igisubizo kiziguye cya karubone itari grafitike ahanini ntikibaho, ariko hamwe nigihe cyigihe, karubone igenda ikwirakwira kandi igashonga mubyuma bishongeshejwe. Kugirango rearburisiyasi yicyuma gishongeshejwe nitanura rya induction, igipimo cya recarburisation ya hrstalline grafite ya recarburisation iri hejuru cyane ugereranije niyindi itari grafite.
Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko iseswa rya karubone mu cyuma gishongeshejwe igenzurwa no guhererekanya kwa karubone mu mbibi z’amazi hejuru y’ibice bikomeye. Ugereranije ibisubizo byabonetse hamwe na kokiya hamwe namakara hamwe nibisubizo byabonetse hamwe na grafite, usanga igipimo cyo gukwirakwiza no gusenyuka kwa grafite recarburizers mucyuma gishongeshejwe cyihuta cyane kuruta icya kokiya n’amakara. Ingero za kokiya zashongeshejwe igice hamwe nuduce tw’amakara byagaragaye na microscope ya elegitoroniki, kandi byagaragaye ko hejuru y’icyitegererezo hashyizweho ivu ryoroshye cyane, ibyo bikaba aribyo bintu nyamukuru byagize uruhare mu gukwirakwiza no gushonga mu cyuma gishongeshejwe.
3. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kwiyongera kwa karubone
. Muri rusange, ibice bya recarburizer ni bito, umuvuduko wo gusesa birihuta, kandi igihombo ni kinini; ibice bya carburizer ni binini, umuvuduko wo gusesa uratinda, kandi umuvuduko wo gutakaza ni muto. Guhitamo ingano yubunini bwa recarburizer bifitanye isano na diameter nubushobozi bwitanura. Muri rusange, iyo diameter nubushobozi bwitanura ari binini, ingano yingingo ya recarburizer igomba kuba nini; muburyo bunyuranye, ingano yubunini bwa recarburizer igomba kuba nto.
. Kurwego runaka rwo kwiyuzuzamo, uko recarburizer yongeyeho, igihe kinini gisabwa cyo guseswa no gukwirakwizwa, niko igihombo gikwiranye, kandi nigabanuka ryikigereranyo.
. Ibinyuranye, recarburizer iragoye gushonga, kandi igipimo cyo kwinjiza recarburizer kiragabanuka. Ariko, mugihe ubushyuhe bwicyuma gishongeshejwe ari hejuru cyane, nubwo recarburizer ishobora kuba yasheshwe burundu, igihombo cyo gutwika karubone kiziyongera, amaherezo bizatuma kugabanuka kwa karubone no kugabanuka muri rusange igipimo cyo kwinjiza recarburizer. Mubisanzwe, iyo ubushyuhe bwicyuma gishongeshejwe buri hagati ya 1460 na 1550 ° C, uburyo bwo kwinjiza recarburizer nibyiza.
. Mbere yuko recarburizer iseswa burundu, igihe cyo gukurura ni kirekire kandi igipimo cyo kwinjiza ni kinini. Gukurura birashobora kandi kugabanya igihe cyo gufata karubone, kugabanya umusaruro, no kwirinda gutwika ibintu bivangwa nicyuma gishongeshejwe. Ariko, niba igihe cyo gukurura ari kirekire cyane, ntigifite uruhare runini mubuzima bwumuriro w itanura, ahubwo binongera igihombo cya karubone mubyuma byashongeshejwe nyuma ya recarburizer imaze gushonga. Kubwibyo, igihe gikwiye cyo gukurura icyuma gishongeshejwe gikwiye kuba cyiza kugirango rearburizer isenyuke burundu.
. , kandi igihombo cyo gutwika ni kinini. Igipimo cyo kwinjiza recarburizer kiri hasi. Ibinyuranye nukuri iyo karubone yambere yibyuma bishongeshejwe iba mike. Byongeye kandi, silikoni na sulfure mu cyuma gishongeshejwe bibuza kwinjiza karubone kandi bigabanya umuvuduko wo kwinjiza recarburizers; mugihe manganese ifasha gukuramo karubone no kuzamura igipimo cyo kwinjiza recarburizers. Ukurikije urugero rwingaruka, silicon nini nini, ikurikirwa na manganese, na karubone na sulferi bifite imbaraga nke. Kubwibyo, mubikorwa nyirizina byo kubyara, manganese igomba kongerwamo mbere, hanyuma karubone, hanyuma silicon.
4. Ingaruka za recarburizers zitandukanye kumiterere yicyuma
. Ukurikije urutonde rwa buri munsi rwamahugurwa (ibikoresho 50% byo gusubiza, 20% ibyuma byingurube, ibisigazwa 30%), koresha azote nkeya ya calcarine ya recarburizer hamwe na grafite yo mu bwoko bwa grafite kugirango ushongeshe itanura ryicyuma gishongeshejwe, nkuko Ibisabwa bisabwa Nyuma yo guhindura imiterere yimiti, shyira silindiri nyamukuru itwara cap.
Igikorwa cyo kubyaza umusaruro: Recarburizer yongewe ku itanura ryamashanyarazi mubice mugihe cyo kugaburira gushonga, 0.4% byibanze byambere (silicon barium inoculant) byongewe mugikorwa cyo gukubita, hamwe na 0.1% byinjira mumashanyarazi (Silicon barium inoculant). Koresha umurongo wa DISA2013.
. . Kugirango turusheho kugenzura neza ibisubizo, mugikorwa cyibizamini, hiyongereyeho ibice bibiri bya barm30 zipimisha zasutswe mumatanura abiri yicyuma gishongeshejwe, ibice 12 bya casting baterwa muri buri cyuma gishongeshejwe nabyo byatoranijwe kubushake bwa Brinell. (Ibice 6 / agasanduku, kugerageza ibisanduku bibiri).
Mugihe cyibintu hafi ya byose, imbaraga zumubare wikizamini zakozwe mugukoresha grafite yo mu bwoko bwa recarburizer irarenze cyane iy'ibizamini byo kwipimisha ukoresheje ubwoko bwa calcar-recarburizer, hamwe no gutunganya ibikorwa bya casting byakozwe na ubwoko bwa grafite-recarburizer biragaragara ko aribyiza kuruta ibyakozwe mugukoresha grafite-recarburizer. Castings yakozwe na calcar recarburizers (mugihe ubukana bwa casting ari hejuru cyane, inkombe ya casting izagaragara nkicyuma cyo gusimbuka icyuma mugihe cyo gutunganya).
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Imyanzuro ikurikira yavuye mu bisubizo byavuzwe haruguru: ibisubizo byiza byo mu bwoko bwa grafite yo mu bwoko bwa recarburizer ntibishobora gusa kunoza imiterere yubukorikori, kunoza imiterere ya metallografiya, ariko kandi binatezimbere imikorere yo gutunganya.
Epilogue
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. Kubwibyo, mugihe utanga ibicuruzwa byingenzi nkibikoresho bya silinderi hamwe nu mutwe wa silinderi mugikorwa cyo gushonga itanura, birasabwa gukoresha ubuziranenge bwa grafite yo mu bwoko bwa recarburizers.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-08-2022