A. gutondekanya peteroli ya kokiya
Kokiya ya peteroli ni ugutandukanya amavuta ya peteroli bizaba byoroshye kandi bitandukanije amavuta aremereye, amavuta aremereye hanyuma binyuze muburyo bwo guturika bishyushye, bihindurwamo ibicuruzwa, uhereye kubigaragara, kokiya kumiterere idasanzwe, ubunini bwumukara (cyangwa ibice), urumuri rwinshi, ibice bya kokiya bifite imiterere, ibintu nyamukuru bigize karubone, Fata 80wt%. (wt = uburemere)
Ukurikije uburyo bwo gutunganyabirashobora kugabanywamokokiya mbisinakokiya yatetse. Iyambere iboneka numunara wa coke wigikoresho cyatinze gutinda, kizwi kandi nkakokiya y'umwimerere; Iyanyuma ikorwa no kubara (1300 ° C), izwi kandi nkakokiya.
Ukurikije ibirimo sulfure, irashobora kugabanywamokokiya nyinshi(ibirimo sulfure birenze4%), kokiya yo hagati(ibirimo sulfure ni2% -4%) nakokiya nkeya(ibirimo sulfure biri munsi2%).
Ukurikije microstructure itandukanye, irashobora kugabanywamosponge cokenakokiya. Iyambere yuzuye nka spongy, izwi kandi nkakokiya isanzwe. Ubucucike bwa nyuma nka fibrous, izwi kandi nkakokiya nziza.
Ukurikije uburyo butandukanyebirashobora kugabanywamokokiya, kokiya or kokiya, sponge coke, ifu ya kokiyaubwoko bune.
B. ibikomoka kuri peteroli
Hafi ya kokiya ya peteroli ikorerwa mubushinwa ni iyitwa kokoro ya sulferi nkeya, ikoreshwa cyanegushonga aluminiumnaibishushanyo mbonera.Ibindi bikoreshwa cyane cyaneibicuruzwa bya karubone, nkaamashanyarazi, anode arc, Byakoreshejwe Kuriibyuma, ibyuma bidafite ferrous; Ibicuruzwa bya karuboni, nka bitandukanyegusya inziga, umucanga,impapuro z'umucanga, n'ibindi.; Carbide yubucuruzi ya calcium yo gukora fibre synthique, acetylene nibindi bicuruzwa; Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nka lisansi, ariko mugihe ikora lisansi, igomba gukoresha urusyo rwerekana ingaruka kugirango ikore ultrafine. Nyuma yo gukora ifu ya kokiya ikoresheje ibikoresho, irashobora gutwikwa. Ifu ya kokiya ikoreshwa cyane nka lisansi mu nganda zimwe na zimwe z’ibirahure n’ibihingwa by’amazi y’amakara.
Nk’uko Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare kibitangaza ngo mu mwaka wa 2020 umusaruro wa peteroli ya kokiya mu Bushinwa wari toni miliyoni 29.202, wiyongereyeho 4.15% ku mwaka, naho kuva muri Mutarama kugeza muri Mata 2021, ibikomoka kuri peteroli bikomoka kuri peteroli mu Bushinwa byari toni miliyoni 9.85.
Umusaruro wa kokiya ya peteroli mu Bushinwa wibanda cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bw’Ubushinwa, mu majyaruguru y’Ubushinwa no mu Bushinwa bw’Amajyepfo, hamwe n’umusaruro mwinshi mu burasirazuba bw’Ubushinwa. Mu karere kose ko mu burasirazuba bw’Ubushinwa, intara ya Shandong ifite umusaruro mwinshi wa kokiya ya peteroli, wageze kuri toni miliyoni 10.687 muri 2020. Umusaruro wa kokiya ya peteroli mu ntara ya Shandong ntabwo uri ku mwanya wa mbere mu burasirazuba bw’Ubushinwa, ariko kandi uza ku mwanya wa mbere mu ntara zose n’imijyi yose. mubushinwa, kandi umusaruro wa kokiya ya peteroli uruta kure izindi ntara nindi mijyi.
C. Ibikomoka kuri peteroli byinjira no kohereza hanze
Ubushinwa nimwe mu bihugu bitumiza mu mahanga peteroli ya kokiya, ikomoka ahanini muri Amerika, Arabiya Sawudite n'Uburusiya. Dukurikije imibare ya gasutamo y'Ubushinwa, ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva mu Bushinwa kuva mu 2015 kugeza 2020 byagaragaje ko muri rusange byazamutse. Muri 2019, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva mu mahanga mu Bushinwa byari toni miliyoni 8.267, naho muri 2020, byari toni miliyoni 10.277, byiyongereyeho 24.31% ugereranije na 2019.
Muri 2020, ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga bya peteroli mu Bushinwa byari miliyari 1.002, bikamanuka 36.66% umwaka ushize. Muri 2020, ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga bya kokiya ya peteroli byageze ku rwego rwo hejuru, ariko agaciro kinjira mu mahanga kokiya peteroli kagabanutse. Kubera ko ubukungu bw’isi bwibasiwe cyane n’icyorezo cya COVID-19, igiciro cya kokiya ya peteroli ku isoko mpuzamahanga nacyo cyaragabanutse, ibyo bikaba byaratumije mu mahanga ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bikomoka kuri peteroli mu Bushinwa kandi byongera ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga biva mu mahanga, ariko bigabanya amafaranga yatumijwe mu mahanga.
Nk’uko imibare ya gasutamo y’Ubushinwa ibigaragaza, ibicuruzwa by’ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu Bushinwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byagaragaje ko byagabanutse, cyane cyane mu 2020 bitewe n’ingaruka za COVID-19, ibicuruzwa by’ibikomoka kuri peteroli biva mu Bushinwa byagabanutse ku buryo bugaragara, mu 2020, Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa bya peteroli mu Bushinwa bwaragabanutse bugera kuri miliyoni 1.784 DOLLARS, a kugabanuka ku mwaka ku mwaka 22.13%; Agaciro kwoherezwa mu mahanga kari miliyoni 459 z'amadolari, kagabanutseho 38.8% umwaka ushize.
D. Inzira yiterambere ryinganda za peteroli
Mu gihe kirekire, isoko ya kokiya ya peteroli iracyuzuyemo ibintu byinshi bidashidikanywaho, kandi uburyo bwo gutanga no gukenera kokiya ya peteroli buracyafite ibibazo byinshi. Urebye imiterere yubushobozi, mugihe gito, kubera gutanga gahoro gahoro ya hydrogène yamavuta asigaye, gutinda gutanga ibikoresho bya kokiya biracyari icyerekezo nyamukuru. Mu gihe kirekire, uruhande rutanga kokiya ya peteroli narwo ruzagabanywa no kurengera ibidukikije, politiki n’ibindi bintu, kandi hazakomeza kubaho ikoranabuhanga rishya ndetse n’ibisimbuza ibidukikije. Politiki yo kurengera ibidukikije iragenda iba ibisanzwe buhoro buhoro, kandi umusaruro ntushobora kugarukira gusa ku kugera ku kirere cyinshi. Hamwe nogutezimbere ibikoresho byonyine byo kurengera ibidukikije, ingaruka za politiki yo kurengera ibidukikije ku isoko zizagabanuka, kandi ingaruka z’isoko n’isoko ry’ibisabwa hamwe n’igiciro cy’ibikoresho fatizo by’ibigo biziyongera.
Uruhande rusabwa, peteroli ya kokiya yamashanyarazi izakomeza kwerekana ibibazo bitandukanye byubukungu, ibintu bya politiki, inganda za aluminium electrolytike muri iki gihe zirebwa na alumina, igiciro cy’amashanyarazi, igiciro ni kinini kugira inyungu zivuga, bityo ibigo bya aluminium bizaza bifite urwego rwuzuye rwinganda rufite a inyungu nini, nkuko imiterere yisoko rya aluminiyumu izahinduka gahoro gahoro, hagati izagenda ihinduranya ubushobozi buhoro buhoro, Bizagira ingaruka kumiterere niterambere ryisoko rya anode yabanje gutekwa hamwe nisoko rya karubone mugihe kizaza.
Mu gihe giciriritse kandi kirekire, ibidukikije bya macroeconomic, politiki y’inganda z’igihugu, imiterere y’ibicuruzwa, impinduka z’ibarura, ibiciro by’ibanze, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, ibyihutirwa, n’ibindi, birashoboka ko bizaba ibintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka ku isoko rya kokiya ya peteroli mu byiciro bitandukanye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, inganda zigomba gusesengura uko inganda za peteroli zikomoka kuri peteroli, zikamenya byinshi kuri politiki zijyanye n’imbere mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo, zigahanura icyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’ejo hazaza h’isoko rya kokiya ya peteroli, kwirinda igihe, ingaruka, gufata amahirwe, impinduka ku gihe no guhanga udushya, ni igihe kirekire. igisubizo.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-10-2022