Graphite igabanijwemo ibishushanyo mbonera na grafite karemano, ibigega byagaragaye ku isi bya grafite karemano muri toni zigera kuri miliyari 2.
Igishushanyo mbonera kiboneka kubora no kuvura ubushyuhe bwibikoresho birimo karubone munsi yumuvuduko usanzwe. Ihinduka risaba ubushyuhe ningufu zihagije nkimbaraga zo gutwara, kandi imiterere idahwitse izahindurwa muburyo buteganijwe bwa grafite.
Graphitisation ni muburyo bwagutse bwibintu bya karubone binyuze hejuru ya 2000 ℃ ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo kuvura ubushyuhe bwa karubone atome yongeye gutondekanya, icyakora ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya karubone mubushyuhe bwo hejuru hejuru ya 3000 ℃ gushushanya, ubu bwoko bwibikoresho bya karubone byari bizwi nka "amakara akomeye", kubikoresho bya karubone byoroshye, uburyo bwo gushushanya bwa catalitike, uburyo bwo gutondeka imiti, nibindi.
Igishushanyo ni uburyo bwiza bwo kongera agaciro gakoreshwa ibikoresho bya karubone. Nyuma yubushakashatsi bwimbitse kandi bwimbitse bwakozwe nintiti, burakuze mubyukuri. Nyamara, ibintu bimwe bidakwiriye kugabanya ikoreshwa rya gakondo mu nganda, bityo rero ni inzira byanze bikunze gushakisha uburyo bushya bwo gushushanya.
Uburyo bwa elegitoronike yumunyu wa elegitoronike kuva mu kinyejana cya 19 byari birenga ikinyejana cyiterambere, inyigisho yibanze nuburyo bushya burigihe guhora guhanga udushya no kwiteza imbere, ubu ntibikigarukira gusa mu nganda gakondo za metallurgie, mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 21, icyuma muri sisitemu yumunyu wa elegitoronike ikomeye ya okiside electrolytike yo kugabanya ibyuma byibanze byibanze cyane mubikorwa,
Vuba aha, uburyo bushya bwo gutegura ibikoresho bya grafite na electrolysis yumunyu byashongeshejwe byitabiriwe cyane.
Hifashishijwe cathodic polarisation na electrodeposition, uburyo bubiri butandukanye bwibikoresho fatizo bya karubone bihindurwa mubikoresho bya nano-grafite bifite agaciro kongerewe. Ugereranije nubuhanga gakondo bwo gushushanya, uburyo bushya bwo gushushanya bufite ibyiza byubushyuhe bwo hasi hamwe na morphologie ishobora kugenzurwa.
Uru rupapuro rusubiramo iterambere ryogushushanya hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa elegitoroniki, rutangiza ubu buhanga bushya, rusesengura ibyiza n'ibibi, kandi ruteganya iterambere ryarwo.
Ubwa mbere, umunyu ushonga electrolytike cathode uburyo bwa polarisiyasi
1.1 ibikoresho fatizo
Kugeza ubu, ibikoresho by'ibanze bya grafite ya artite ni kokiya y'urushinge na kokiya yo mu rwego rwo hejuru ya grafitisiyonike, cyane cyane ku bisigazwa by'amavuta hamwe n'amakara nk'ibikoresho fatizo kugira ngo bitange ibikoresho byiza bya karubone, bifite porotike nkeya, sulfure nkeya, ivu rike hamwe n'ibyiza byo gushushanya, nyuma yo kuyitegura muri grafite bifite imbaraga zo guhangana n'ingaruka, imbaraga zikoreshwa cyane, ubukana buke,
Nyamara, ububiko buke bwa peteroli hamwe n’ihindagurika ry’ibiciro bya peteroli byagabanije iterambere ryayo, bityo gushaka ibikoresho bishya bibaye ikibazo cyihutirwa gukemurwa.
Uburyo bwa gakondo bwo gushushanya bufite aho bugarukira, kandi uburyo butandukanye bwo gushushanya bukoresha ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye. Kuri karuboni idashushanyije, uburyo gakondo ntibushobora kubishushanya, mugihe amashanyarazi ya electrochemic ya electrolysis yumunyu wa elegitoronike yacitsemo ibice byibikoresho fatizo, kandi birakwiriye hafi ya karubone hafi ya yose.
Ibikoresho bya karubone gakondo birimo karubone yumukara, karubone ikora, amakara, nibindi, muribyo amakara niyo yizewe cyane. Irangi ryamakara rifata amakara nkibibanziriza kandi ryateguwe mubicuruzwa bya grafite mubushyuhe bwinshi nyuma yo kubanza kuvurwa.
Vuba aha, iyi mpapuro irerekana uburyo bushya bwamashanyarazi, nka Peng, ukoresheje umunyu wa elegitoronike yumunyu wa elegitoronike ntushobora gushushanya umukara wa karubone mukirahure kinini cya grafite, electrolysis ya grafite ya grafite irimo petal ishusho ya petite ya grafitike ya nanometero, ifite ubuso bwihariye, iyo ikoreshejwe kuri cathode ya lithium yerekanaga amashanyarazi meza kuruta grafite karemano.
Zhu n'abandi. shyira amakara yatunganijwe neza muri CaCl2 yumunyu wa elegitoronike ya elegitoronike ya electrolysis kuri 950 and, hanyuma uhindure neza amakara yo mu rwego rwo hasi ahinduka grafite hamwe na kristu yo hejuru, yerekanaga imikorere myiza nubuzima bwigihe kirekire iyo ikoreshejwe nka anode ya batiri ya lithium.
Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko bishoboka guhindura ubwoko butandukanye bwibikoresho bya karubone gakondo muri grafite hakoreshejwe electrolysis yumunyu ushonga, ifungura inzira nshya ya grafitike yubukorikori.
1.2 uburyo bwa
Uburyo bwa elegitoronike yumunyu wa elegitoronike ikoresha ibikoresho bya karubone nka cathode ikabihindura muri grafite hamwe na kirisiti nyinshi ikoresheje polarisiyasi. Kugeza ubu, ubuvanganzo buriho buvuga kuvanaho umwuka wa ogisijeni no guhinduranya intera ndende ya atome ya karubone mu buryo bwo guhinduka kwa cathodic polarisation.
Kubaho kwa ogisijeni mubikoresho bya karubone bizabuza gushushanya kurwego runaka. Mubikorwa gakondo byo gushushanya, ogisijeni izakurwaho buhoro mugihe ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1600K. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, biroroshye cyane kwanduza binyuze muri cathodic polarisation.
Peng, nibindi mubigeragezo kunshuro yambere yashyize imbere uburyo bwa elegitoronike yumunyu wa electrolysis cathodic polarisation ishobora kuba, aribwo gushushanya ahantu henshi ho gutangirira ni ukuba muri microsperes ikomeye ya karubone / interineti ya electrolyte, mikorobe ya mbere ya karubone ikora hafi ya diametre ya grafitike, hanyuma ntizigere ihagarara neza kuri grafitike yuzuye ya grafite.
Igikorwa cyo gushushanya kijyana no gukuraho ogisijeni, nacyo cyemezwa nubushakashatsi.
Jin n'abandi. yanagaragaje iyi ngingo binyuze mubushakashatsi. Nyuma ya karubone ya glucose, hakozwe igishushanyo mbonera (17% bya ogisijeni). Nyuma yo gushushanya, umwimerere wa karubone ikomeye (Ishusho 1a na 1c) wakoze igikonoshwa kigizwe na nanosheets ya grafite (Ishusho 1b na 1d).
Hamwe na electrolysis ya fibre karubone (16% ogisijeni), fibre ya karubone irashobora guhindurwa mumiyoboro ya grafite nyuma yo gushushanya ukurikije uburyo bwo guhindura ibintu bivugwa mubitabo
Twizera ko, urugendo rurerure ruri munsi ya catodiki ya polarisiyasi ya atome ya karubone hejuru ya kirisiti yo hejuru ya amorphous carbone rearrange igomba gutunganya, synthèque grafitike idasanzwe yerekana amababi ya nanostructures yungukirwa na atome ya ogisijeni ikomoka, ariko uburyo bwihariye bwo guhindura imiterere ya nanometero ya grafitike ntibisobanutse neza, nka ogisijeni ituruka kuri skeleton ya karubone nyuma yuburyo bwa cathode, nibindi, nibindi.
Kugeza ubu, ubushakashatsi kuri ubwo buryo buracyari mu ntangiriro, kandi birakenewe ubundi bushakashatsi.
1.3 Imiterere ya Morphologique ya synthique grafite
SEM ikoreshwa mukwitegereza microscopique yubuso bwa morphologie ya grafite, TEM ikoreshwa mukwitegereza morphologie yimiterere ya munsi ya 0.2 mm, XRD na Raman spectroscopy nuburyo bukoreshwa cyane mukuranga microstructure ya grafite, XRD ikoreshwa mukuranga amakuru ya kristu ya grafite, naho Raman spectroscopy ikoreshwa mukuranga inenge nubunini bwa grafite.
Hano hari imyenge myinshi muri grafite yateguwe na cathode polarisiyasi yumunyu wa electrolysis. Kubikoresho fatizo bitandukanye, nka karubone yumukara wa electrolysis, ibibabi bisa na nanostructures byabonetse. Isesengura rya XRD na Raman rikorwa kuri karubone yumukara nyuma ya electrolysis.
Kuri 827 ℃, nyuma yo kuvurwa na voltage ya 2.6V kuri 1h, ishusho ya Raman yerekana ishusho yumukara wa karubone isa nkiya grafite yubucuruzi. Nyuma yumukara wa karubone umaze kuvurwa nubushyuhe butandukanye, hapimwe igipimo gikaze cya grafite (002). Impinduka yo hejuru (002) yerekana urwego rwerekezo rwicyerekezo cya karubone ya aromatic muri grafite.
Igice cya karubone gikarishye, niko cyerekezo.
Zhu yakoresheje amakara yo hasi asukuye nka cathode mu bushakashatsi, kandi microstructure yibicuruzwa byashushanyije byahinduwe biva muri granular bihinduka imiterere nini ya grafite, kandi igipande cya grafite nacyo cyagaragaye munsi ya microscope ikwirakwiza umuvuduko mwinshi.
Muri Raman yerekanwe, hamwe no guhindura imiterere yubushakashatsi, agaciro ka ID / Ig nako karahindutse. Iyo ubushyuhe bwa electrolytike bwari 950 ℃, igihe cya electrolytique cyari 6h, na voltage ya electrolytique yari 2.6V, indangamuntu yo hasi ya ID / Ig yari 0.3, naho impinga ya D yari hasi cyane ugereranije na G. Muri icyo gihe, isura ya 2D mpinga nayo yagaragazaga ishingwa ryimiterere ya grafite.
Impinga ityaye (002) itandukanijwe mumashusho ya XRD nayo yemeza ko ihinduka ryiza ryamakara yo hasi muri grafite hamwe na kristu nyinshi.
Muri gahunda yo gushushanya, kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe na voltage bizagira uruhare mu kuzamura, ariko imbaraga nyinshi cyane zizagabanya umusaruro wa grafite, kandi ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane cyangwa igihe kinini cyo gushushanya bizatuma habaho gutakaza umutungo, bityo kubikoresho bitandukanye bya karubone, ni ngombwa cyane gushakisha uburyo bukwiye bwa electrolytike, nabwo nibibandwaho kandi bigoye.
Iyi peteroli isa na flake nanostructure ifite ibintu byiza byamashanyarazi. Umubare munini wa pore yemerera ion kwinjizwamo vuba / deembedded, itanga ibikoresho byiza bya cathode nziza ya bateri, nibindi. Kubwibyo rero, uburyo bwa electrochemical method graphifisation nuburyo bushoboka bwo gushushanya.
Uburyo bwumunyu wa electrodeposition
2.1 Electrodeposition ya karuboni ya dioxyde
Nka gaze ya parike yingenzi cyane, CO2 nayo ntabwo ari uburozi, butagira ingaruka, bihendutse kandi byoroshye kuboneka umutungo ushobora kuvugururwa. Nyamara, karubone muri CO2 iri murwego rwo hejuru rwa okiside, bityo CO2 ifite ituze ryinshi rya termodinamike, bigatuma kuyikoresha bigorana.
Ubushakashatsi bwambere kuri CO2 electrodeposition irashobora guhera mu myaka ya za 1960. Ingram n'abandi. gutegura neza karubone kuri electrode ya zahabu muri sisitemu yumunyu wa Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3.
Van n'abandi. yerekanye ko ifu ya karubone yabonetse kubushobozi butandukanye bwo kugabanya yari ifite imiterere itandukanye, harimo grafite, karubone amorphous na carbone nanofibers.
Ukoresheje umunyu ushongeshejwe kugirango ufate CO2 nuburyo bwo gutegura ibikoresho bya karubone, nyuma yigihe kinini cyintiti zubushakashatsi bwibanze ku buryo bwo gushiraho imyuka ya karubone n’ingaruka z’imiterere ya electrolysis ku bicuruzwa byanyuma, birimo ubushyuhe bwa electrolytike, ingufu za electrolytike hamwe n’umunyu wa elegitoronike na electrode, nibindi, gutegura imikorere y’ibikoresho bya grafite kuri electrodeposition ya CO2 byashizeho urufatiro rukomeye.
Muguhindura electrolyte no gukoresha CaCl2 ishingiye kuri sisitemu yumunyu ushonga hamwe na CO2 yo gufata neza, Hu nibindi. Gutegura neza graphene ifite impamyabumenyi ihanitse hamwe na carbone nanotubes hamwe nubundi buryo bwa nanografite wiga imiterere ya electrolytike nkubushyuhe bwa electrolysis, ibinyabuzima bya electrode hamwe nu munyu ushonga.
Ugereranije na sisitemu ya karubone, CaCl2 ifite ibyiza byo guhendwa kandi byoroshye kuyibona, gutwara neza, byoroshye gushonga mumazi, hamwe no gukomera kwinshi kwa ion ogisijeni, bitanga uburyo bwiza bwo guhindura CO2 mubicuruzwa bya grafite bifite agaciro kongerewe agaciro.
2.2 Uburyo bwo Guhindura
Gutegura ibikoresho byongerewe agaciro karubone hakoreshejwe electrodeposition ya CO2 ivuye mumunyu ushongeshejwe harimo gufata CO2 no kugabanya mu buryo butaziguye. Ifatwa rya CO2 ryuzuzwa na O2 yubusa mumunyu ushongeshejwe, nkuko bigaragara muburinganire (1):
CO2 + O2- → CO3 2- (1)
Kugeza ubu, hashyizweho uburyo butatu bwo kugabanya uburyo butaziguye: reaction imwe, reaction yintambwe ebyiri nuburyo bwo kugabanya ibyuma.
Uburyo bumwe bwo gukemura ibibazo bwatanzwe bwa mbere na Ingram, nkuko bigaragara mu kuringaniza (2):
CO3 2- + 4E - → C + 3O2- (2)
Uburyo bubiri bwo kwitwara bwatanzwe na Borucka nabandi, nkuko bigaragara muburinganire (3-4):
CO3 2- + 2E - → CO2 2- + O2- (3)
CO2 2- + 2E - → C + 2O2- (4)
Uburyo bwo kugabanya ibyuma byasabwe na Deanhardt n'abandi. Bizeraga ko ion yabanje kugabanywa icyuma muri cathode, hanyuma icyuma kigabanywa ion ya karubone, nkuko bigaragara muburinganire (5 ~ 6):
M- + E - → M (5)
4 m + M2CO3 -> C + 3 m2o (6)
Kugeza ubu, inzira imwe yo kwitwara yemewe muri rusange mubitabo bihari.
Yin n'abandi. yize sisitemu ya karubone ya Li-Na-K hamwe na nikel nka cathode, tin dioxyde nka anode na wire ya feza nka electrode yerekana, maze ibona igishushanyo mbonera cya cyclic voltammetry ku gishushanyo cya 2 (igipimo cya scan ya 100 mV / s) kuri nikel cathode, isanga hari impinga imwe yo kugabanuka (kuri -2.0V) muri scanne mbi.
Kubwibyo, dushobora kwemeza ko reaction imwe gusa yabaye mugihe cyo kugabanya karubone.
Gao n'abandi. yabonye cyclic voltammetry imwe muri sisitemu imwe ya karubone.
Ge n'abandi. yakoresheje inert anode na tungsten cathode kugirango ifate CO2 muri sisitemu ya LiCl-Li2CO3 kandi ibona amashusho asa, kandi gusa impanuka yo kugabanuka ya karubone yagaragaye mugusikana nabi.
Muri sisitemu ya umunyu wa alkaline yashizwemo umunyu, ibyuma bya alkali na CO bizabyara mugihe karubone ishyizwe na cathode. Nyamara, kubera ko imiterere ya termodinamike yimiterere ya karubone iba munsi yubushyuhe buke, gusa kugabanuka kwa karubone kuri karubone bishobora kugaragara mubushakashatsi.
2.3 CO2 ifata umunyu ushongeshejwe kugirango utegure ibicuruzwa bya grafite
Byongeweho agaciro-grafite nanomateriali nka graphene na karubone nanotubes irashobora gutegurwa na electrodeposition ya CO2 ivuye mumunyu ushongeshejwe mugenzura imiterere yubushakashatsi. Hu n'abandi. yakoresheje ibyuma bitagira umwanda nka cathode muri CaCl2-NaCl-CaO yashizwemo umunyu wa elegitoronike hanyuma ushiramo amashanyarazi kuri 4h bitewe na voltage ya 2.6V ihoraho mubushyuhe butandukanye.
Bitewe na catalizike yicyuma ningaruka ziturika za CO hagati ya grafite, graphene yabonetse hejuru ya cathode. Uburyo bwo gutegura graphene bwerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 3.
Ishusho
Nyuma ubushakashatsi bwongeyeho Li2SO4 hashingiwe kuri sisitemu yumunyu wa CaCl2-NaClCaO yashushe, ubushyuhe bwa electrolysis bwari 625 ℃, nyuma ya 4h ya electrolysis, icyarimwe muri cathodic yoherejwe na karubone yasanze graphene na nanotube ya karubone, ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko Li + na SO4 2- bizana ingaruka nziza kuri grafite.
Amazi ya sufuru nayo yinjijwe neza mumubiri wa karubone, kandi amabati ya ultra-thin grafite na karubone ya firimu irashobora kuboneka mugucunga imiterere ya electrolytike.
Ibikoresho nkubushyuhe bwa electrolytike yubushyuhe bwo hejuru na buke kugirango habeho graphene nibyingenzi, mugihe ubushyuhe burenze 800 ℃ byoroshye kubyara CO aho kuba karubone, hafi ya nta karuboni iba iyo hejuru ya 950 ℃, bityo rero kugenzura ubushyuhe nibyingenzi cyane kubyara graphene na carbone nanotubes, no kugarura ibikenerwa bya carbone reaction ya reaction ya cathene kugirango itangwe neza.
Iyi mirimo itanga uburyo bushya bwo gutegura ibicuruzwa bya nano-grafite na CO2, bifite akamaro kanini mugukemura imyuka ya parike no gutegura graphene.
3. Incamake na Outlook
Hamwe niterambere ryihuse ryinganda nshya zingufu, grafite karemano ntiyashoboye guhaza ibyifuzo byubu, kandi igishushanyo mbonera gifite imiterere myiza yumubiri nubumashini kuruta grafite karemano, kuburyo bihendutse, bikora neza kandi bitangiza ibidukikije ni intego ndende.
Uburyo bwa elegitoroniki yuburyo bwo gushushanya mubikoresho bikomeye kandi bya gaze hamwe nuburyo bwa cathodic polarisation hamwe nububiko bwa electrochemical byasohotse neza mubikoresho bya grafite bifite agaciro kongerewe cyane, ugereranije nuburyo gakondo bwo gushushanya, uburyo bwa electrochemicique bukoreshwa neza, gukoresha ingufu nke, kurinda ibidukikije, kubintu bito bito byateganijwe mugihe kimwe, ukurikije imiterere ya electrolysis itandukanye.
Itanga inzira ifatika yubwoko bwose bwa amorphous carbone na parike ya parike ihindurwamo ibikoresho bya nano byubatswe na grafite kandi bifite ibyifuzo byiza.
Kugeza ubu, iri koranabuhanga riri mu marembera. Hariho ubushakashatsi buke kubijyanye no gushushanya hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, kandi haracyari inzira nyinshi zitamenyekana. Niyo mpamvu, birakenewe gutangirira kubikoresho fatizo no gukora ubushakashatsi bwuzuye kandi butunganijwe kuri karubone zitandukanye za amorphous, kandi icyarimwe ugashakisha thermodinamike ningaruka zo guhindura grafite murwego rwimbitse.
Ibi bifite akamaro kanini mugutezimbere kazoza ka grafite.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-10-2021