Ibisobanuro:umwanditsi asesengura urushinge rwa kokiya y’umusaruro n’ibikoreshwa mu gihugu cyacu, ibyiringiro byo kuzashyirwa mu bikorwa bya electrode ya grafite hamwe n’ibikoresho bibi bya electrode y’inganda, kugira ngo yige imbogamizi z’iterambere rya kokiya y’amavuta, harimo n’ibikoresho fatizo biri mu bikoresho bike, ubuziranenge ntabwo buri hejuru, kuzenguruka igihe kirekire no gusuzuma ubushobozi bw’ibikorwa, kongera ubushakashatsi ku byiciro by’ibicuruzwa, gushyira mu bikorwa, ingamba z’imikorere, nk’ubushakashatsi bw’amashyirahamwe kugira ngo biteze imbere isoko ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
Dukurikije amasoko atandukanye y’ibikoresho fatizo, kokiya y'urushinge irashobora kugabanywamo kokiya y'urushinge rwa peteroli na kokiya y'urushinge. Coke y'urushinge rw'amavuta ikorwa cyane cyane muri FCC binyuze mu gutunganya, hydrodesulfurizasiya, gutinda kokiya no kubara. Inzira iragoye kandi ifite ibintu byinshi bya tekiniki. Kokiya y'urushinge ifite ibiranga karubone nyinshi, sulfure nkeya, azote nkeya, ivu rike n'ibindi, kandi ifite ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki na mashini nyuma yo gushushanya. Nubwoko bwa anisotropique yohejuru ya karubone ibikoresho byoroshye gushushanya.
Coke y'urushinge ikoreshwa cyane cyane kuri electrode nini cyane ya grafite electrode, hamwe nibikoresho bya cathode ya lithium ion, nkintego za “carbone peak”, “carbone neutre” intego z’ibikorwa, ibihugu bikomeje guteza imbere ihinduka ry’inganda n’ibyuma n’imodoka no kuzamura imikorere y’inganda no guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zizigama ingufu za karubone n’icyatsi kibisi gikura vuba kandi n’iterambere ryihuse ry’ibinyabiziga bikomoka ku mashanyarazi bikenerwa cyane. Mugihe kizaza, inganda zo hasi za inshinge za kokiya zizakomeza gutera imbere cyane. Iyi nsanganyamatsiko isesengura imiterere ya progaramu hamwe nicyizere cya kokiya ya inshinge muri grafite ya electrode nibikoresho bya anode, ikanashyira ahagaragara imbogamizi hamwe ningamba zo guhangana niterambere ryiza ryinganda za kokiya.
1. Isesengura ry'umusaruro n'icyerekezo cya kokiya y'urushinge
1.1 Umusaruro wa kokiya y'urushinge
Umusaruro wa kokiya y'urushinge wibanda cyane mu bihugu bike nk'Ubushinwa, Amerika, Ubwongereza, Koreya y'Epfo n'Ubuyapani. Mu mwaka wa 2011, ku isi hose umusaruro wa kokiya y'urushinge wari hafi 1200kt / a, muri yo Ubushinwa bukaba bwari 250kt / a, kandi hari abakora inganda enye za kokiya zo mu Bushinwa. Kugeza mu 2021, dukurikije imibare y’amakuru ya Sinfern, ubushobozi bwo gukora ku isi hose bwa kokiya y'urushinge buziyongera bugere kuri 3250kt / a, naho ubushobozi bwa kokiya ya inshinge mu Bushinwa buziyongera bugere kuri 2240kt / a, bingana na 68.9% by’ubushobozi bw’umusaruro ku isi, kandi umubare w’abakora urushinge rwa kokiya mu Bushinwa uziyongera ugera kuri 21.
Imbonerahamwe 1 irerekana ubushobozi bwo gukora inganda 10 za mbere zikora urushinge rwa kokiya ku isi, hamwe n’umusaruro wose wa 2130kt / a, bingana na 65.5% by’ubushobozi bw’umusaruro ku isi. Urebye ku bushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro ku isi hose mu nganda zikoresha urushinge rwa kokiya, uruganda rukora peteroli rukora urushinge rwa kokiya muri rusange rufite igipimo kinini, ubushobozi bwo gutanga umusaruro w’uruganda rumwe ni 100 ~ 200kt / a, amakara y’amakara y’uruganda rukora nka 50kT / a.
Mu myaka mike iri imbere, ubushobozi bwo gukora urushinge rwa kokiya ku isi buzakomeza kwiyongera, ariko cyane cyane biva mu Bushinwa. Ubushinwa buteganijwe kandi burimo kubakwa inshinge za kokiya zifite ingufu zingana na 430kT / a, kandi ubushobozi bw’ubushobozi burenze urugero. Hanze y'Ubushinwa, ubushobozi bwa kokiya y'urushinge burahagaze neza, aho uruganda rwa OMSK rw’Uburusiya ruteganya kubaka uruganda rwa kokte 38kt / 2021.
Igishushanyo 1 kirerekana umusaruro wa kokiya y'urushinge mu Bushinwa mu myaka 5 ishize. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1, umusaruro wa kokiya inshinge mu Bushinwa wageze ku iterambere riturika, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka buri mwaka bwa 45% mu myaka 5. Muri 2020, umusaruro wose wa kokiya y'urushinge mu Bushinwa wageze kuri 517kT, harimo 176kT y'amakara hamwe na 341kT y'amavuta.
1.2 Kuzana kokiya y'urushinge
Igishushanyo cya 2 cyerekana uko ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga byinjira mu Bushinwa mu myaka 5 ishize. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2, mbere y’uko COVID-19 itangira, umubare w’ibicuruzwa byatumijwe mu mahanga mu Bushinwa wiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara, ugera kuri 270kT muri 2019, ukaba uri hejuru cyane. Muri 2020, kubera igiciro kinini cya kokiya yatumijwe mu mahanga, igabanuka ry’ipiganwa, ibarura rinini ry’ibyambu, kandi ikarengerwa n’icyorezo cy’icyorezo cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi no muri Amerika, Ubushinwa bwatumije mu mahanga ibicuruzwa biva mu bwoko bwa kokiya inshinge mu 2020 byari 132kt gusa, bikamanuka ku kigero cya 51% ku mwaka. Nk’uko imibare ibigaragaza, muri kokiya y'urushinge yatumijwe mu 2020, kokiya y'urushinge rwa peteroli yari 27.5kT, igabanukaho 82,93% umwaka ushize; Igipimo cy’amakara coke 104.1kt, 18.26% ugereranije n’umwaka ushize, impamvu nyamukuru ni uko ubwikorezi bwo mu nyanja bw’Ubuyapani na Koreya yepfo butibasiwe n’iki cyorezo, icya kabiri, igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe biva mu Buyapani no muri Koreya yepfo biri munsi y’ibicuruzwa bisa mu Bushinwa, kandi umubare w’ibicuruzwa byamanutse ni munini.
1.3 Icyerekezo cyo gusaba kokiya
Coke ya inshinge ni ubwoko bwa karubone yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, ikoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho fatizo kugirango habeho ingufu za ultra-high power grafite electrode nibikoresho bya grafite anode. Ibyingenzi byingenzi byokoreshwa mubikorwa ni amashanyarazi arc itanura yo gukora ibyuma na bateri yingufu kubinyabiziga bishya byingufu.
FIG. 3 yerekana uburyo bwo gukoresha inshinge za kokiya mubushinwa mumyaka 5 ishize. Graphite electrode nikibanza kinini cyo gukoresha, kandi umuvuduko wubwiyongere bwibisabwa winjira murwego rushimishije, mugihe ibikoresho bibi bya electrode bikomeje kwiyongera vuba. Muri 2020, ikoreshwa rya kokiya y'urushinge mu Bushinwa (harimo no kubara ibicuruzwa) byari 740kT, muri byo 340kT y'ibikoresho bibi na 400kt ya electrode ya grafite, bingana na 45% by'ibikoresho bibi.
2.1 Gutezimbere ibyuma bya eAF
Inganda zicyuma nicyuma ninshi zitanga imyuka ihumanya ikirere mubushinwa. Hariho uburyo bubiri bwibanze bwo gukora ibyuma nicyuma: itanura riturika hamwe nitanura rya arc. Muri byo, gukora itanura ry’amashanyarazi arc birashobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere 60%, kandi irashobora gutahura uburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho by’ibyuma bishaje kandi bikagabanya gushingira ku bicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Inganda z’ibyuma n’icyuma zasabye gufata iyambere mu kugera ku ntego ya “carbone peak” na “kutabogama kwa karubone” mu 2025.Ubuyobozi bwa politiki y’inganda z’icyuma n’ibyuma, hazaba hari umubare munini w’ibyuma byo gusimbuza ibyuma bihindura ibyuma bitanika n’itanura ry’amashanyarazi.
Muri 2020, Ubushinwa butanga ibyuma biva mu mahanga ni 1054.4mt, muri byo umusaruro w’ibyuma bya eAF ugera kuri 96Mt, bingana na 9.1% gusa by’ibyuma byose biva mu mahanga, ugereranije na 18% by’ikigereranyo cy’isi, 67% by’Amerika, 39% by’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, na 22% by’icyuma cya EAF cy’Ubuyapani, hari umwanya munini w’iterambere. Nk’uko umushinga wa “Amabwiriza yo Guteza Imbere Iterambere Ryiza ry’Inganda n’Icyuma” watanzwe na Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho ku ya 31 Ukuboza 2020, igipimo cy’umusaruro w’ibyuma bya eAF mu musaruro w’ibyuma bya peteroli gikwiye kwiyongera kugera kuri 15% ~ 20% muri 2025. Kwiyongera kw’ibyuma bya eAF bizamura cyane icyifuzo cya electrode nini cyane. Iterambere ryiterambere ryamashanyarazi arc murugo ni murwego rwohejuru kandi runini, rutanga icyifuzo kinini kubisobanuro binini na ultra-high power grafite electrode.
2.2 Imiterere yumusaruro wa grafite electrode
Graphite electrode ningirakamaro ikoreshwa mugukora ibyuma bya eAF. Igicapo 4 kirerekana ubushobozi bwo gukora no gusohora amashanyarazi ya grafite mu Bushinwa mu myaka 5 ishize. Ubushobozi bwo gukora amashanyarazi ya grafite bwiyongereye kuva kuri 1050kT / a muri 2016 bugera kuri 2200kt / a muri 2020, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka buri mwaka bwa 15.94%. Iyi myaka itanu nigihe cyo gukura byihuse byubushobozi bwa grafitike ya electrode, kandi nuburyo bukurikirana bwiterambere ryihuse ryinganda za electrode. Mbere ya 2017, inganda za electrode ya grafite nk'inganda gakondo zikora inganda zikoresha ingufu nyinshi hamwe n’umwanda mwinshi, inganda nini zo mu bwoko bwa electrode zo mu gihugu zigabanya umusaruro, inganda ntoya n’iciriritse ya electrode ya electrode ihura n’ifunga, ndetse n’ibihangange mpuzamahanga bya electrode bigomba guhagarika umusaruro, kugurisha no gusohoka. Muri 2017, byatewe kandi na politiki y’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu yo kurandura ku gahato “ibyuma byo hasi”, igiciro cya electrode ya grafite mu Bushinwa cyazamutse cyane. Bitewe ninyungu zirenze, isoko ya grafite electrode yatangije umurongo wo kongera ubushobozi no kwaguka.
Muri 2019, umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite mu Bushinwa wageze ku rwego rwo hejuru mu myaka yashize, ugera kuri 1189kT. Muri 2020, umusaruro wa electrode ya grafite wagabanutse kugera kuri 1020kT kubera ubushake buke bwatewe nicyorezo. Ariko muri rusange, inganda za elegitoroniki ya electrode y’Ubushinwa ifite ubushobozi bukabije, kandi igipimo cy’imikoreshereze cyaragabanutse kiva kuri 70% muri 2017 kigera kuri 46% muri 2020, igipimo gishya cyo gukoresha ubushobozi buke.
2.3 Gusaba isesengura rya kokiya y'urushinge mu nganda za electrode
Iterambere ryibyuma bya eAF bizatera ibyifuzo bya ultra-high power grafite electrode. Bigereranijwe ko muri electrode ya grafite izaba hafi 1300kt muri 2025, naho kokisi ya inshinge mbisi izaba hafi 450kT. Kuberako mugukora ingano nini na ultra-high power grafite electrode hamwe na hamwe, kokiya y'urushinge rushingiye ku mavuta iruta kokiya ishingiye ku makara, igipimo cya electrode ya grafite ikenera kokiya ishingiye ku mavuta kizakomeza kwiyongera, gifata umwanya w’isoko rya kokiya ishingiye ku makara.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-23-2022