Incamake:Umwanditsi arasesengura uko ikoreshwa rya “needle coke” mu gihugu cyacu, uburyo ikoreshwa mu nganda za “graphite electrode” n’ibikoresho bya “negative electrode”, kugira ngo yige ku mbogamizi zo guteza imbere “needle coke”, harimo n’uko umutungo fatizo uhari, ubuziranenge si bwinshi, isuzuma ry’ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho rikorwa mu gihe kirekire n’ubushobozi burenze urugero, kongera ubushakashatsi ku ishyirwa mu byiciro ry’ibicuruzwa, ikoreshwa, ibipimo by’imikorere, nk’inyigo z’ubufatanye kugira ngo hatezwe imbere isoko ryo ku rwego rwo hejuru.
Dukurikije amasoko atandukanye y'ibikoresho fatizo, ifu ya needle coke ishobora kugabanywamo amavuta ya needle coke na coke ya needle coke. Ifu ya needle coke ikorwa ahanini mu ifu ya FCC binyuze mu gutunganya, gusya hydrodesulfurization, gusya nyuma y'igihe gito no gusya calcium. Iyi nzira iragoye kandi ifite imiterere ya tekiniki nyinshi. Ifu ya needle coke ifite imiterere ya karuboni nyinshi, sulfur nkeya, azote nkeya, ivu nkeya n'ibindi, kandi ifite imiterere itangaje ya electrochemical na mekanike nyuma yo gukoresha graphitization. Ni ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bya karuboni byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bya anisotropic bifite graphitization yoroshye.
Ingano ya koke ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukoresha electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi, na bateri ya lithiamu ion cathode, nk'intego z'ingenzi za "carbon peak", "carbon neutre", ibihugu bikomeje guteza imbere impinduka mu nganda z'ibyuma n'imodoka no kuvugurura imiterere y'inganda no guteza imbere ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga rirengera ibidukikije rizigama ingufu nke za karuboni n'ibidukikije, kugira ngo biteze imbere ibyuma bikoresha amashanyarazi n'iterambere ryihuse ry'imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu. Ubusabe bwa koke y'inyongera nabwo burimo kwiyongera cyane. Mu gihe kizaza, inganda za koke y'inyongera zizakomeza gutera imbere cyane. Iyi ngingo isesengura uko ikoreshwa n'amahirwe ya koke y'inyongera muri electrode ya grafiti na anode, kandi ishyira imbere imbogamizi n'ingamba zo kurwanya iterambere ryiza ry'inganda za koke y'inyongera.
1. Isesengura ry'umusaruro n'icyerekezo cy'umuvuduko wa needle coke
1.1 Gukora inzoga ya “needle coke”
Umusaruro wa needle coke wibanda cyane cyane mu bihugu bike nko mu Bushinwa, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ubwongereza, Koreya y'Epfo n'Ubuyapani. Mu 2011, ubushobozi bwo gukora needle coke ku isi bwari hafi 1200kt/a, aho ubushobozi bwo gukora mu Bushinwa bwari 250kt/a, kandi hari inganda enye gusa zo mu Bushinwa zikora needle coke. Mu 2021, nk'uko imibare ya Sinfern Information ibigaragaza, ubushobozi bwo gukora needle coke ku isi buziyongera bugere kuri 3250kt/a, naho ubushobozi bwo gukora Needle coke mu Bushinwa buziyongera bugere kuri 2240kt/a, bingana na 68.9% by'ubushobozi bwo gukora ku isi, kandi umubare w'inganda zo mu Bushinwa zikora needle coke uziyongera ugere kuri 21.
Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igaragaza ubushobozi bwo gukora bw'inganda 10 za mbere zikora imashini zikora inzoga za Needle Coke ku isi, zifite ubushobozi bwo gukora 2130kt/a, zigize 65.5% by'ubushobozi bwo gukora ku isi. Ukurikije ubushobozi bwo gukora ku isi bw'inganda zikora imashini zikora inzoga za Needle Coke, abakora imashini zikora imashini zikora inzoga za Peteroli muri rusange bafite urwego runini, ubushobozi bwo gukora uruganda rumwe ni 100 ~ 200kt/a, ubushobozi bwo gukora imashini zikora inzoga za Needle Coke ni 50kT/a gusa.
Mu myaka mike iri imbere, ubushobozi bwo gukora imashini zikora inzoga zitwa “needle coke” ku isi buzakomeza kwiyongera, ariko cyane cyane buturutse mu Bushinwa. Ubushobozi bwo gukora imashini zikora inzoga zitwa “needle coke” mu Bushinwa buteganijwe kandi burimo kubakwa bungana na 430kT / a, kandi ikibazo cy’ubushobozi burenze urugero kirarushaho kwiyongera. Hanze y’Ubushinwa, ubushobozi bwo gukora imashini zikora inzoga zitwa “needle coke” buri mu buryo buhamye, aho uruganda rw’ubucukuzi rwa OMSK rwo mu Burusiya ruteganya kubaka icyuma cya “needle coke” cya 38kt / a mu 2021.
Ishusho ya 1 igaragaza umusaruro wa needle coke mu Bushinwa mu myaka 5 ishize. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1, umusaruro wa needle coke mu Bushinwa wageze ku iterambere ritangaje, aho igipimo cy’ubwiyongere bw’umwaka cya 45% mu myaka 5. Mu 2020, umusaruro wose wa needle coke mu Bushinwa wageze kuri 517kT, harimo 176kT z’uruhererekane rw’amakara na 341kT z’uruhererekane rw’amavuta.
1.2 Kwinjira mu gihugu kwa “needle coke”
Ishusho ya 2 igaragaza uko ingano ya needle coke itumijwe mu Bushinwa mu myaka 5 ishize. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2, mbere y’icyorezo cya COVID-19, ingano ya needle coke itumizwa mu Bushinwa yariyongereye cyane, igera kuri 270kT mu 2019, ikaba ari yo yari hejuru cyane. Mu 2020, bitewe n’igiciro kinini cya needle coke itumizwa mu mahanga, igabanuka ry’irushanwa, ububiko bunini bw’ibikoresho byo mu cyambu, kandi byatewe n’icyorezo gikomeje kwiyongera mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ingano ya needle coke itumizwa mu Bushinwa mu 2020 yari 132kt gusa, yagabanutseho 51% ugereranyije n’umwaka. Dukurikije imibare, muri needle coke itumizwa mu 2020, peteroli ya needle coke yari 27.5kT, yagabanutseho 82.93% ugereranyije n’umwaka; Igipimo cy’amakara cya elegitoroniki cya 104.1kt, kirengaho 18.26% ugereranyije n’umwaka ushize, impamvu nyamukuru ni uko ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi bw’Ubuyapani na Koreya y’Epfo butibasiwe cyane n’icyorezo, icya kabiri, igiciro cy’ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe biva mu Buyapani na Koreya y’Epfo kiri hasi ugereranyije n’ibicuruzwa bisa mu Bushinwa, kandi umubare w’ibicuruzwa biri hasi ni munini.
1.3 Icyerekezo cyo gukoresha inshinge ya koka
Ifu ya Needle Coke ni ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bya karuboni byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, bikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'ibikoresho fatizo mu gukora electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi cyane hamwe n'ibikoresho bya grafiti anode y'ubukorano. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi bikoreshwa mu gice cy'inyuma ni ugukora ibyuma by'umuriro w'amashanyarazi hamwe na bateri z'amashanyarazi ku binyabiziga bishya bitanga ingufu.
ISHUSHO YA 3 igaragaza uko ikoreshwa rya “needle coke” mu Bushinwa mu myaka 5 ishize. “Graphite electrode” ni yo mashini nini cyane ikoreshwa, kandi igipimo cy’ubwiyongere bw’ibikenewe kigera ku rwego rungana, mu gihe ibikoresho bya “negative electrode” bikomeje kwiyongera cyane. Mu 2020, ikoreshwa rya “needle coke” mu Bushinwa (harimo n’ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho) ryari 740kT, muri byo 340kT by’ibikoresho bya “negative” na 400kt by’imashini ya “graphite electrode”, bingana na 45% by’ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bya “negative”.
2.1 Iterambere ry'ubukorikori bw'ibyuma bya eAF
Inganda z'icyuma n'ibyuma ni zo zikora cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu Bushinwa. Hari uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi bwo gukora icyuma n'icyuma: itanura riturika n'itanura riturika ry'amashanyarazi. Muri bwo, gukora ibyuma bicukurwa mu itanura riturika ry'amashanyarazi bishobora kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku kigero cya 60%, kandi bishobora kongera gukoresha ibyuma bicukurwa mu byuma bisigaye no kugabanya kwishingikiriza ku mabuye y'agaciro atumizwa mu mahanga. Inganda z'icyuma n'ibyuma zatanze igitekerezo cyo gufata iya mbere mu kugera ku ntego ya "karuboni irenga" na "kutagira karuboni irenga" bitarenze 2025. Biyobowe na politiki y'igihugu y'inganda z'icyuma n'ibyuma, hazabaho inganda nyinshi z'ibyuma zizasimbuza icyuma gihindura ikirere n'icyuma giturika n'itanura riturika ry'amashanyarazi.
Mu 2020, umusaruro w'icyuma gikozwe mu Bushinwa ni 1054.4m, aho umusaruro w'icyuma cya eAF uri hafi 96Mt, ugizwe na 9.1% gusa by'icyuma cyose gikozwe mu buryo bwa kera, ugereranije na 18% by'ikigereranyo cy'isi, 67% bya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, 39% by'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, na 22% by'icyuma cya EAF cyo mu Buyapani, hari umwanya munini wo gutera imbere. Dukurikije umushinga w'"Ubuyobozi bwo guteza imbere iterambere ry'inganda z'icyuma n'ibyuma" watanzwe na Minisiteri y'Inganda n'Ikoranabuhanga mu Itangazamakuru ku ya 31 Ukuboza 2020, igipimo cy'umusaruro w'icyuma cya eAF mu musaruro wose w'icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa kera kigomba kongerwaho kugera kuri 15% ~ 20% bitarenze 2025. Ukwiyongera k'umusaruro w'icyuma cya eAF kuzongera cyane ubwinshi bw'ama-electrode ya grafiti afite ingufu nyinshi. Iterambere ry'itanura ry'amashanyarazi yo mu gihugu ni iry'agaciro kandi rinini, rituma hakenewe cyane electrode nini na grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi cyane.
2.2 Imiterere y'umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti
Electrode ya grafiti ni ingenzi cyane mu gukora ibyuma bya eAF. Ishusho ya 4 igaragaza ubushobozi bwo gukora n'umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa mu myaka 5 ishize. Ubushobozi bwo gukora electrode ya grafiti bwiyongereye kuva kuri 1050kT / a mu 2016 kugera kuri 2200kt / a mu 2020, hamwe n'igipimo cy'izamuka ry'umwaka cya 15.94%. Iyi myaka itanu ni igihe cy'izamuka ryihuse ry'ubushobozi bwo gukora electrode ya grafiti, ndetse n'iterambere ryihuse ry'inganda za electrode ya grafiti. Mbere ya 2017, inganda za electrode ya grafiti nk'inganda gakondo zikoresha ingufu nyinshi n'umwanda mwinshi, inganda nini zo mu gihugu za electrode ya grafiti zigabanya umusaruro, inganda nto n'iziciriritse za electrode ya grafiti zirahura n'ifungwa, ndetse n'ibigo mpuzamahanga by'amashanyarazi bigomba guhagarika gukora, kongera kugurisha no gusohoka. Mu 2017, byagizweho ingaruka kandi biyobowe na politiki y'igihugu y'ubutegetsi yo gukuraho "ibyuma byo hasi", igiciro cya electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa cyariyongereye cyane. Bitewe n'inyungu nyinshi, isoko rya electrode ya grafiti ryazanye umuvuduko wo kongera gukoresha no kwagura ubushobozi.
Mu 2019, umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa wageze ku rwego rwo hejuru mu myaka ya vuba aha, ugera kuri 1189kT. Mu 2020, umusaruro wa electrode ya grafiti wagabanutse ugera kuri 1020kT bitewe n'igabanuka ry'ibyifuzo byatewe n'icyorezo. Ariko muri rusange, inganda za electrode ya grafiti mu Bushinwa zifite ubushobozi burenze urugero, kandi igipimo cy'ikoreshwa cyagabanutse kuva kuri 70% muri 2017 kigera kuri 46% muri 2020, igipimo gishya cy'ikoreshwa ry'ubushobozi buke.
2.3 Isesengura ry'ibikenewe kuri koka y'inzoga mu nganda za electrode ya grafiti
Iterambere ry'icyuma cya eAF rizatuma habaho electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi cyane. Biteganyijwe ko electrode ya grafiti izaba ikenewe kuri 1300kt mu 2025, naho electrode ya needle coke mbisi izaba ikenewe kuri 450kT. Kubera ko mu gukora electrode nini kandi ifite ingufu nyinshi cyane ya grafiti n'ahahurira, electrode ya needle coke ishingiye ku mavuta ari nziza kurusha electrode ya needle coke ishingiye ku mavuta, igipimo cy'ikiguzi cya electrode ya grafiti coke ishingiye ku mavuta kizakomeza kwiyongera, kikagira umwanya wo ku isoko rya electrode ya needle coke ishingiye ku mavuta.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-23-2022