Cnooc (Qingdao) Ubuhanga mu gutunganya amavuta akomeye mu ikoranabuhanga Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga Co., LTD
Ikoranabuhanga ryo Gusana Ibikoresho, Nomero ya 32, 2021
Incamake: Iterambere rihoraho ry’ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga ry’Abashinwa ryateje imbere inzego zitandukanye z’umuryango. Muri icyo gihe, byanazamuye imbaraga zacu mu bukungu n’imbaraga z’igihugu muri rusange. Nk’igice cy’ingenzi cy’igikorwa cyo gukora ibyuma, icupa rya needle coke rikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukora electrodes za grafiti. Rigira uruhare runini mu gukora ibikomoka kuri bateri ya lithium, ndetse no mu nganda z’ingufu za kirimbuzi n’indege. Bitewe no guteza imbere ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga, kunoza no kunoza ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibyuma by’amashanyarazi byatejwe imbere, kandi amahame n’ibisabwa bya needle coke mu bushakashatsi no mu iterambere no mu mikorere byakomeje kuvugururwa, kugira ngo hubahirizwe ibisabwa mu iterambere ry’umusaruro rusange. Bitewe n’ibikoresho fatizo bitandukanye bikoreshwa mu gukora, icupa rya needle coke rigabanijwemo ibice bibiri: urukurikirane rwa peteroli n’urukurikirane rw’amakara. Dukurikije ibyavuye mu ikoreshwa ry’ibicuruzwa, bigaragara ko icupa rya needle coke rifite imbaraga zikomeye kurusha urukurikirane rw’amakara. Muri iyi nyandiko, twiga uko isoko ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli rihagaze ubu n’ibibazo biri mu bushakashatsi no mu ikorwa ry’ikoranabuhanga rijyanye nabyo, tunasesengura ingorane ziri mu iterambere ry’umusaruro n’ingorane zijyanye na tekiniki zikomoka kuri peteroli.
I. Intangiriro
Ifu ya Needle coke igira uruhare runini mu gukora electrode ya grafiti. Ukurikije uko iterambere rihagaze ubu, ibihugu by’amahanga byateye imbere nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Ubuyapani byatangiye mbere mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere no gukora ifu ya needle coke, kandi ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga rijyanye nabyo ryagiye rikura, kandi byamenye ikoranabuhanga ry’ingenzi mu gukora peteroli. Ugereranije, ubushakashatsi bwigenga n’ikorwa ry’ifu ya peteroli bitangira bitinze. Ariko hamwe n’iterambere rihoraho ry’ubukungu bw’isoko ryacu, guteza imbere kwaguka kw’inganda zitandukanye, ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ry’ifu ya peteroli byateye imbere mu myaka ya vuba aha, bigeraho umusaruro w’inganda. Ariko, haracyari icyuho mu bwiza n’ingaruka z’imikoreshereze ugereranije n’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kugaragaza neza aho isoko rigeze n’ingorane mu buhanga mu bijyanye na peteroli.
Ii. Intangiriro n'isesengura ry'ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga rya peteroli mu gusya inshinge za koka
(1) Isesengura ry'uko ikoranabuhanga rya peteroli rihagaze mu iterambere ry'ubu mu gihugu no mu mahanga
Ikoranabuhanga rya peteroli ryatangiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu myaka ya 1950. Ariko igihugu cyacu cyafunguye ku mugaragaro
Ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga n'ikorwa rya peteroli ya coke yatangiye mu ntangiriro za 1980. Bitewe n'inkunga ya politiki y'igihugu ku bushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga, ibigo by'ubushakashatsi by'Abashinwa byatangiye gukora ibizamini bitandukanye kuri peteroli ya coke kandi bihora bishakisha kandi bigashaka uburyo butandukanye bwo kugerageza. Byongeye kandi, mu myaka ya 1990, igihugu cyacu cyarangije ubushakashatsi bwinshi ku itegurwa rya sisitemu ya peteroli ikoresha urushinge, kandi gisaba ikoranabuhanga rijyanye na patenti. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, hifashishijwe politiki z'igihugu zijyanye nabyo, Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubumenyi ry'imbere mu gihugu n'ibigo bifitanye isano byashoye imari mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere no guteza imbere umusaruro n'inganda mu nganda. Urwego rw'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rya peteroli ya coke narwo rukomeje gutera imbere. Impamvu nyamukuru y'iki kibazo ni uko hari icyifuzo kinini cy'imbere mu gihugu cya peteroli ya coke. Ariko, ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'imbere mu gihugu n'inganda ntibishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'isoko, igice kinini cy'isoko ry'imbere mu gihugu gituwe n'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Ukurikije uko iterambere rihagaze ubu, nubwo ubwitabire n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga rishingiye ku rushinge rw'ibikomoka kuri peteroli buri kwiyongera, ku bijyanye n'urwego rw'ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga n'iterambere, hari ingorane zimwe na zimwe zituma ubushakashatsi ku ikoranabuhanga n'iterambere bireba imbogamizi, ibyo bigatuma habaho icyuho kinini hagati y'igihugu cyacu n'ibihugu byateye imbere.
(2) Isesengura ry'ikoranabuhanga ry'ibigo bicuruza peteroli mu gihugu
Hashingiwe ku isesengura ry’ubwiza bw’ibicuruzwa byo mu gihugu no mu mahanga n’ingaruka zabyo, bigaragara ko itandukaniro riri hagati yabyo mu bwiza bwa peteroli ikoreshwa mu gupima no gupima ingano y’ibice, bigaragaza itandukaniro mu bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa [1]. Iri tandukaniro ry’ubwiza riterwa ahanini n’ingorane mu musaruro mu buryo bwo gukora. Hamwe n’uburyo bwihariye bwo gukora no gukoresha peteroli ikoreshwa mu gupima no gupima, ikoranabuhanga ryayo ry’ingenzi mu gukora ni urwego rw’ibikoresho fatizo mbere yo kubitunganya. Kuri ubu, Shanxi Hongte Chemical Co., LTD., Sinosteel (Anshan) na Jinzhou Petrochemical ni byo byonyine byakoze umusaruro mwinshi. Mu buryo bunyuranye, sisitemu yo gukora no gukora peteroli ikoreshwa mu gupima no gupima ...
Iii. Isesengura ry'isoko ry'ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu gihugu
(1) Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’inganda, ubwiyongere bw’abakoresha inzoga zikomoka kuri koka (needle coke) buri munsi buriyongera.
Igihugu cyacu ni cyo gihugu kinini ku isi gitunganya inganda, ahanini kigenwa n'imiterere y'inganda zacu.
Umusaruro w'ibyuma n'icyuma na wo ni imwe mu nganda z'ingenzi mu guteza imbere iterambere ry'ubukungu bwacu. Muri uru rwego, icyifuzo cyo gusimbuza urushinge kiriyongera buri munsi. Ariko ubu, ubushakashatsi bwacu bwa tekiniki n'urwego rw'iterambere hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo gukora ntibihuye n'ibikenewe ku isoko. Impamvu nyamukuru ni uko hari ibigo bike byibanda ku rushinge rwa peteroli bishobora gukora ibipimo by'ubuziranenge, kandi ubushobozi bwo gukora ntibuhamye. Nubwo ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga rijyanye nabyo buri gutera imbere muri iki gihe, ariko bifuza kuzuza electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi cyangwa ifite imbaraga nyinshi kandi hari icyuho kinini, bigatuma habaho imbogamizi mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa byibanda ku rushinge rwa peteroli. Kuri ubu, isoko rya coke ripima urushinge rigabanyijemo coke ipima urushinge rwa peteroli na coke ipima urushinge rwa makara. Mu buryo bunyuranye, coke ipima urushinge rwa peteroli iri hasi gato ugereranyije na coke ipima urushinge rwa makara haba mu mushinga w'ubwinshi cyangwa mu rwego rw'iterambere, ari na imwe mu mpamvu zikomeye zibangamira kwaguka neza kwa coke ipima urushinge rwa peteroli yo mu Bushinwa. Ariko hamwe no kunoza urwego rw'ikoranabuhanga mu gukora ibyuma, umusaruro w'ibyuma n'inganda zikenera electrode ya grafiti ifite ingufu nyinshi cyane uriyongera. Ibi kandi bigaragaza ko hamwe n’iterambere ry’inganda rikomeje gutera imbere no kwihutisha inzira yo kubaka inganda, umubare w’abashaka inzoga zikomoka kuri kokayine (needle coke) uzarushaho kwiyongera.
(2) Isesengura ry'igiciro cy'isoko rya needle coke kigenda gihindagurika
Dukurikije urwego rw'iterambere ry'inganda muri iki gihe ndetse no kuvugurura imiterere y'inganda n'ingano y'inganda mu gihugu cyacu, byagaragaye ko uruhererekane rw'ibipimo bya peteroli byo gukaranga ibikomoka kuri peteroli rukwiriye igihugu cyacu kuruta uruhererekane rw'ibipimo bya peteroli byo gukaranga ibikomoka kuri peteroli, ibyo bikazongera kwiyongera mu gihugu, aho ikibazo cy'ubusumbane hagati y'ibitangwa n'ibikenewe bya peteroli, kugira ngo dukemure ikibazo cy'ubusumbane hagati y'ibitangwa n'ibikenewe bya peteroli, dushobora kwishingikiriza gusa ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Dukurikije isesengura ry'ihindagurika ry'ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga mu myaka yashize, bigaragara ko igiciro cy'ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga byo gukaranga ibikomoka kuri peteroli cyakomeje kwiyongera kuva mu 2014. Kubwibyo, ku nganda zo mu gihugu, hamwe n'icyuho cy'ibicuruzwa bizamuka ndetse n'ibiciro bitumizwa mu mahanga bizamuka, peteroli yo gukaranga ibikomoka kuri peteroli izaba ahantu hashya ho gushora imari mu nganda zo mu Bushinwa zo gukaranga ibikomoka kuri peteroli [2].
Icya kane, ubushakashatsi bwacu ku rushinge rw'amavuta n'iterambere n'isesengura ry'ibibazo by'ikoranabuhanga mu gutunganya umusaruro
(1) Isesengura ry'ibibazo byo gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo mbere yo kubitunganya
Binyuze mu isesengura ry’uburyo bwose bwo gukora no gukora peteroli, bigaragara ko, mbere yo gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo, peteroli ari yo ikoreshwa cyane, bitewe n’umwihariko w’umutungo kamere wa peteroli, peteroli igomba gucukurwa munsi y’ubutaka, kandi peteroli mu gihugu cyacu izakoresha ibintu bitandukanye bya catalysts mu gucukura no gutunganya, ku buryo hazabaho umwanda runaka mu bikomoka kuri peteroli. Ubu buryo bwo gutunganya mbere buzagira ingaruka mbi ku ikorwa rya peteroli. Byongeye kandi, imiterere ya peteroli ubwayo ahanini ni hydrocarbon ya aliphatic, ingano ya hydrocarbon ya aromatic ni nke, ibi biterwa n’imiterere y’umutungo kamere wa peteroli uhari. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ikorwa rya peteroli nziza cyane ifite ibisabwa bikomeye ku bikoresho fatizo, ifite ingano nini ya hydrocarbon ya aromatic, kandi igahitamo sulfur nke, ogisijeni, asphaltene n’andi mavuta nk’ibikoresho fatizo, bisaba ko igice cy’uburemere bwa sulfur kiri munsi ya 0.3%, kandi igice cy’uburemere bwa asphaltene kiri munsi ya 1.0%. Ariko, hashingiwe ku gusesengura no gusesengura imiterere y’umwimerere, byagaragaye ko peteroli nyinshi zitunganywa mu gihugu cyacu ari iza peteroli nyinshi za sulfure, kandi ko nta peteroli ikwiye gukorwamo inzoga za hydrocarbon zihumura neza. Ni ingorabahizi cyane mu bya tekiniki gukuraho imyanda iri muri peteroli. Hagati aho, Jinzhou Petrochemical, imaze igihe kinini mu bushakashatsi no mu nganda muri iki gihe, isaba ibikoresho fatizo bikwiye gukorwamo inzoga za hydrocarbon mu gihe cyo gukora no gutunganya inzoga za petroli. Ibura ry’ibikoresho fatizo n’ubwiza budahindagurika ni kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi bibangamira ubuziranenge bwa peteroli [3]. Shandong Yida New Material Co., Ltd. yateguye kandi ikoresha uburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo mbere yo gukora inzoga za hydrocarbon.
Muri icyo gihe kandi, hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gukuraho uduce duto tw’ibintu bikomeye. Uretse guhitamo amavuta akomeye akwiriye gukorwamo inshinge za coke, ibintu byangiza mu bikoresho fatizo byakurwagaho mbere yo guteka.
(2) Isesengura ry'ingorane za tekiniki mu gikorwa cyo guteka inshinge za peteroli cyatinze
Imikorere ya needle coke iragoye cyane, kandi hari ibisabwa byinshi mu kugenzura impinduka z'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko w'imikorere mu buryo bwihariye bwo kuyitunganya. Ni kimwe mu bibazo biri mu nzira yo guteka no gukaraba mu ikorwa rya needle coke niba umuvuduko, igihe n'ubushyuhe bya needle coke bishobora kugenzurwa mu buryo bwa siyansi kandi bukwiye, kugira ngo igihe cyo gukora kibe cyujuje ibisabwa bisanzwe. Muri icyo gihe, kunoza no guhindura ibipimo by'imikorere ya needle coke n'amahame yihariye y'imikorere nabyo bishobora kugira uruhare runini mu kunoza no kunoza ireme ry'ikorwa rya needle coke yose.
Intego nyamukuru yo gukoresha itanura rishyushya mu mikorere yo guhindura ubushyuhe ni ugukora imikorere isanzwe ikurikije ibipimo ngenderwaho mu mikorere ya needle coke kugira ngo ubushyuhe bwo mu kirere bugere ku bipimo bisabwa. Mu by’ukuri, inzira yo guhindura ubushyuhe ni uguteza imbere uburyo bwo guteka bushobora gukorwa mu bushyuhe buke kandi buri hasi mu gihe bitinza uburyo bwo guteka, kugira ngo habeho uburyohe buhumura, habeho uburyo molecules zitondetse, kugira ngo zishobore kwerekezwa no gukomera bitewe n’igitutu, kandi zigatuma imiterere ihora ihagaze neza. Itanura rishyushya ni ingenzi mu mikorere yose ya peteroli, kandi hari ibisabwa n’amahame ngenderwaho ku bipimo byihariye by’ubushyuhe, bidashobora kuba munsi y’umupaka uri hasi wa 476℃ kandi bidashobora kurenza umupaka uri hejuru wa 500℃. Muri icyo gihe, bigomba kandi kumenyekana ko itanura rihinduka ry’ubushyuhe ari ibikoresho binini n’ibikoresho, tugomba kwita ku buryo buri munara wa needle coke umeze kimwe: buri munara mu gihe cyo kugaburira, bitewe n’ubushyuhe, umuvuduko w’umwuka, umuvuduko w’umwuka n’ibindi bintu birahinduka, bityo umunara wa coke nyuma ya coke ntungana, ufite ubuziranenge buri hagati n’ubuciriritse. Uburyo bwo gukemura neza ikibazo cy’ubuziranenge bwa needle coke nabwo ni kimwe mu bibazo bigomba gusuzumwa mu gukora needle coke.
5. Isesengura ry'icyerekezo cy'iterambere ry'ejo hazaza rya koka y'urushinge rwa peteroli
(a) Guteza imbere ireme ry’ubuziranenge bw’ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu ngo
Ikoranabuhanga n'isoko ry'ingufu zo gupima inshinge byiganjemo Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'Ubuyapani. Kuri ubu, mu ikorwa nyaryo rya needle coke mu Bushinwa, haracyari ibibazo bimwe na bimwe, nko kuba nta buziranenge buhamye, imbaraga nke za coke na coke nyinshi y'ifu. Nubwo needle coke yakozwe yakoreshejwe mu gukora electrode za grafiti zikomeye kandi zikomeye cyane ku bwinshi, ntishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora electrode nini za grafiti zikomeye cyane ku bwinshi. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubushakashatsi bwacu n'iterambere rya needle focus ntibyahagaze, kandi ireme ry'ibicuruzwa rizakomeza gutera imbere. Shanxi Hongte Coal Chemical Co., LTD., Sinosteel Coal measure needle coke, Jinzhou Petrochemical Co., LTD. Uduce twa peteroli twa needle coke twageze kuri toni 40.000-50.000 ku gipimo cy'umwaka, kandi dushobora gukora neza, tugakomeza kunoza ubwiza.
(2) Ubukene bw'imbere mu gihugu bwa koka ikoreshwa mu gupima peteroli bukomeje kwiyongera
Iterambere ry’inganda z’ibyuma n’ibyuma risaba umubare munini w’amashanyarazi menshi cyane hamwe n’amashanyarazi menshi. Muri urwo rwego, icyifuzo cya needle coke ku musaruro wa electrode ikomeye cyane hamwe n’amashanyarazi menshi kirimo kwiyongera cyane, kibarirwa kuri toni 250.000 ku mwaka. Umusaruro w’ibyuma bikoreshwa mu ifuru y’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa uri munsi ya 10%, kandi impuzandengo y’umusaruro w’ibyuma bikoreshwa mu ifuru y’amashanyarazi ku isi yageze kuri 30%. Ibisigazwa by’ibyuma byacu byageze kuri toni miliyoni 160. Dukurikije uko ibintu bimeze ubu mu gihe kirekire, iterambere ry’ibyuma bikoreshwa mu ifuru y’amashanyarazi ni ngombwa, ibura ry’ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu ifuru y’amashanyarazi rizaba rikenewe. Kubwibyo, hakwiye gufatwa ingamba zo kongera isoko ry’ibikoresho fatizo no kunoza uburyo bwo kubitunganya kugira ngo bihuze n’ibyo umusaruro ukeneye.
(3) Kwaguka kw'ibikenewe ku isoko bitera imbere urwego rw'ikoranabuhanga mu bushakashatsi no mu iterambere ry'igihugu
Icyuho mu bwiza no kwiyongera k'ubusabe bw'ingufu bisaba kwihutisha iterambere ry'ingufu. Mu gihe cyo guteza imbere no gukora ingufu, abashakashatsi bagiye barushaho gusobanukirwa ingorane ziri mu gukora ingufu, bongera imbaraga mu bushakashatsi, kandi bubaka ahantu hato na hato ho gupima kugira ngo babone amakuru y'igerageza yo kuyobora umusaruro. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ingufu za coke rihora rivugururwa kugira ngo rihuze n'ubusabe buri kwiyongera. Ukurikije ibikoresho fatizo n'uburyo bwo gukora, ibura rya peteroli ku isi n'ubwiyongere bw'ibinyabutabire bya sulfur bibangamira iterambere rya ingufu za coke. Ikigo gishya cyo gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo bya coke y'amavuta cyakozwe mu nganda zitunganya peteroli cyashyizwe mu bikorwa muri Shandong Yida New Material Co., LTD., kandi ibikoresho fatizo byiza bya coke y'amavuta byakozwe, bizamura neza ubwiza n'umusaruro wa coke y'amavuta.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-07-2022