1. Ibiranga EDM by'ibikoresho bya grafiti.
1.1. Umuvuduko wo gukora imashini.
Graphite ni ibikoresho bitari icyuma bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane bwa dogere selisiyusi 3,650, mu gihe umuringa ufite ubushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 1,083, bityo electrode ya graphite ishobora kwihanganira imiterere y'amashanyarazi menshi.
Iyo agace gasohora amazi n'ingano y'amashanyarazi ari binini, ibyiza byo gukoresha ibikoresho bya grafiti mu buryo bunoze birushaho kugaragara.
Ubushyuhe bwa grafiti ni 1/3 cy'umuringa, kandi ubushyuhe butangwa mu gihe cyo gusohora bushobora gukoreshwa mu gukuraho ibikoresho by'icyuma neza. Kubwibyo, ubushobozi bwo gutunganya grafiti buri hejuru y'ubwo gutunganya umuringa mu buryo buciriritse n'ubuto.
Dukurikije ubunararibonye bwo gutunganya, umuvuduko wo gutunganya electrode ya grafiti wihuta inshuro 1.5 ~ 2 ugereranije n'uwa electrode y'umuringa mu gihe cy'ikoreshwa rikwiye.
1.2. Ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi.
Electrode ya grafiti ifite imiterere ishobora kwihanganira imiterere y'umuvuduko mwinshi w'amashanyarazi, byongeye kandi, iyo habayeho imiterere ikwiye yo gukaraba, harimo ibikoresho by'icyuma cya karuboni byakozwe mu gihe cyo gukuraho ibikubiye mu imashini n'amazi akora ku bushyuhe bwinshi bwo gusenyuka kw'ibice bya karuboni, ingaruka za polarity, iyo habayeho gukuraho igice cy'ibikubiye mu imashini, ibice bya karuboni bizafata ku buso bwa electrode kugira ngo bikore urwego rwo kurinda, bitume electrode ya grafiti itakaza gato mu imashini ikoze nabi, cyangwa se "imyanda yose".
Igihombo cy’ingenzi cya electrode muri EDM gituruka ku mikorere isanzwe. Nubwo igihombo kiri hejuru mu mikorere yo kurangiza, igihombo muri rusange nacyo kiri hasi bitewe n’amafaranga make yo gukoresha mu mikorere y’ibikoresho.
Muri rusange, igihombo cya electrode ya grafiti ni gito ugereranyije n’icya electrode y’umuringa mu micungire y’amashanyarazi manini kandi ni kinini gato ugereranyije n’icya electrode y’umuringa mu micungire irangiye. Igihombo cya electrode ya grafiti ni kimwe.
1.3. Ubwiza bw'ubuso.
Umurambararo w'uduce tw'ibikoresho bya grafiti ugira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku butumburuke bwa EDM. Uko umurambararo uba muto, niko ubutumburuke bw'ubutumburuke buboneka.
Mu myaka mike ishize hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bya grafiti bifite umurambararo wa mikoro 5, ubuso bwiza bushobora kugera kuri VDI18 edm (Ra0.8 microns), muri iki gihe umurambararo w'ibicuruzwa bya grafiti washoboye kugera kuri mikoro 3 za phi, ubuso bwiza bushobora kugera kuri VDI12 edm ihamye (Ra0.4 mu m) cyangwa urwego rworoshye kurushaho, ariko electrode ya grafiti igereranya edm.
Ibikoresho by'umuringa bifite ubushobozi buke bwo guhangana n'ibintu kandi bifite imiterere mito, kandi bishobora gutunganywa neza mu bihe bigoye. Ubuso bushobora kuba munsi ya metero 0.1, kandi bushobora gutunganywa hakoreshejwe indorerwamo.
Bityo, niba imashini isohora amazi ikoresheje ubuso buto cyane, birakwiye gukoresha ibikoresho by'umuringa nk'amashanyarazi, ari na yo nyungu nyamukuru ya electrode y'umuringa kuruta electrode ya grafiti.
Ariko electrode y'umuringa iyo ifite imiterere y'umuyoboro munini w'amashanyarazi, ubuso bwa electrode bworoshye kuba bubi, busa n'aho bwacitse, kandi ibikoresho bya graphite ntabwo byagira iki kibazo, ibisabwa ku buso bwa VDI26 (Ra2.0 microns) ku bijyanye no gutunganya ibumba, hakoreshejwe electrode ya graphite bishobora gukorwa kuva ku gutunganya neza kugeza ku gutunganya neza, bireba ingaruka z'ubuso bumwe, inenge z'ubuso.
Byongeye kandi, bitewe n'imiterere itandukanye ya grafiti n'umuringa, aho electrode ya grafiti isohora ubushyuhe iva hejuru iba isanzwe kurusha iyo electrode y'umuringa. Kubwibyo, iyo ubuso bumwe bwa VDI20 cyangwa burenga butunganyijwe, ubunini bw'ubuso bw'agakoresho gatunganywa na electrode ya grafiti buragaragara cyane, kandi iyi ngaruka y'ubuso bw'ingano iba nziza kuruta ingaruka y'ubuso bwa electrode y'umuringa.
1.4. Uburyo bwo gukora neza imashini.
Igipimo cy’ubushyuhe bw’ibikoresho bya grafiti ni gito, igipimo cy’ubushyuhe bw’ibikoresho by’umuringa gikubye inshuro enye ugereranyije n’ibikoresho bya grafiti, bityo mu gutunganya ibisohoka, electrode ya grafiti ntikunze guhinduka cyane kurusha electrode y’umuringa, ishobora kubona uburyo bwo gutunganya buhamye kandi bwizewe.
Cyane cyane iyo urubavu rwimbitse kandi rufunganye rutunganyijwe, ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo mu gace runaka butuma electrode y'umuringa igonda byoroshye, ariko electrode ya grafiti ntikora.
Ku bijyanye na electrode y'umuringa ifite uburebure bunini bw'ubujyakuzimu, agaciro runaka ko kwaguka k'ubushyuhe gakwiye kwishyurwa kugira ngo hakosorwe ingano mu gihe cyo gushyiraho icyuma, mu gihe electrode ya grafiti idakenewe.
1.5. Uburemere bwa electrode.
Ibikoresho bya grafiti ni bike cyane ugereranyije n'umuringa, kandi uburemere bwa electrode ya grafiti ifite ubunini bumwe ni 1/5 gusa cy'ubunini bwa electrode y'umuringa.
Biragaragara ko gukoresha grafiti bikwiriye cyane kuri electrode ifite ingano nini, ibyo bigabanya cyane umutwaro w'icyuma gikoresha imashini ya EDM. Electrode ntabwo izateza ibibazo mu gufunga bitewe n'uburemere bwayo bwinshi, kandi izatera kwimuka mu gutunganya, n'ibindi. Biragaragara ko ari ingenzi cyane gukoresha electrode ya grafiti mu gutunganya ibumba rinini.
1.6. Ingorane zo gukora amashanyarazi.
Imikorere y'ibikoresho bya grafiti ni myiza. Ubudahangarwa bwo gukata ni 1/4 cy'umuringa. Mu gihe cyo gutunganya neza, ubushobozi bwa electrode ya grafiti isya ni inshuro 2-3 z'ubushobozi bwa electrode y'umuringa.
Electrode ya grafiti yoroshye kuyikuraho Inguni, kandi ishobora gukoreshwa mu gutunganya igikoresho cyagombye kurangizwa na electrode nyinshi muri electrode imwe.
Imiterere yihariye y'uduce twa grafiti ibuza uduce duto kuba nyuma yo gusya no gukora electrode, dushobora kuzuza ibisabwa mu buryo butaziguye iyo uduce duto tudakuweho byoroshye muri modeling ikomeye, bityo bigakuraho inzira yo gusiga electrode intoki kandi birinda ihinduka ry'imiterere n'ingano riterwa no gusiga.
Bikwiye kumenyekana ko, kubera ko grafiti ari ukwikubira ivumbi, grafiti yo gusya ikora ivumbi ryinshi, bityo imashini isya igomba kuba ifite igikoresho cyo kuyifunga no kuyikusanya.
Niba ari ngombwa gukoresha edM mu gutunganya electrode ya grafiti, imikorere yayo ntabwo ari myiza nk'iy'umuringa, umuvuduko wo gukata ugenda buhoro ho 40% ugereranije n'umuringa.
1.7. Gushyiramo no gukoresha electrode.
Ibikoresho bya grafiti bifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo gufatanya. Bishobora gukoreshwa mu gufatanya grafiti n'ibikoresho binyuze mu gusya electrode no kuyisohora, ibi bikaba byagabanya uburyo bwo gukora umwobo wa vis ku bikoresho bya electrode no kuzigama igihe cyo gukora.
Ibikoresho bya grafiti biracikagurika cyane, cyane cyane electrode nto, ntoya kandi ndende, byoroshye kuvunika iyo ikoreshejwe ingufu zo hanze, ariko ishobora guhita imenya ko electrode yangiritse.
Iyo ari electrode y'umuringa, izagorama gusa ntivunike, ibyo bikaba biteje akaga cyane kandi bigoye kubibona mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha, kandi bizahita bikurura agace k'imashini ikora.
1.8. Igiciro.
Ibikoresho by'umuringa ni umutungo udasubirwamo, ibiciro bizagenda bihenda cyane, mu gihe igiciro cy'ibikoresho bya grafiti gihora gihindagurika.
Igiciro cy'ibikoresho by'umuringa cyariyongereye mu myaka ya vuba aha, inganda nini za grafiti zinoza inzira yo gukora grafiti zigira inyungu mu ipiganwa ryayo, ubu, munsi y'ingano imwe, igiciro rusange cy'ibikoresho bya electrode ya grafiti n'igiciro cy'ibikoresho bya electrode y'umuringa ni gito, ariko grafiti ishobora kugera ku gutunganya neza, kuruta gukoresha electrode y'umuringa kugira ngo izigame amasaha menshi y'akazi, bingana no kugabanya ikiguzi cy'umusaruro mu buryo butaziguye.
Muri make, mu biranga electrode ya grafiti ifite edM 8, ibyiza byayo biragaragara: ubushobozi bwa electrode yo gusya no gutunganya imyanda ni bwiza cyane kuruta electrode y'umuringa; electrode nini ifite uburemere buke, ifite ubushobozi bwo kugumana neza, electrode nto ntiyoroshye guhindura, kandi imiterere y'ubuso ni nziza kurusha electrode y'umuringa.
Ingorane y'ibikoresho bya grafiti ni uko bidakwiye gukoreshwa mu gutunganya neza ibintu bisohora amazi munsi ya VDI12 (Ra0.4 m), kandi ubushobozi bwo gukoresha edM mu gukora electrode buri hasi.
Ariko, mu buryo bufatika, imwe mu mpamvu z'ingenzi zigira ingaruka ku izamuka ry’ibikoresho bya grafiti mu Bushinwa ni uko hakenewe imashini zihariye zitunganya grafiti ku bikoresho bisya, ibyo bikaba bitanga ibisabwa bishya ku bikoresho bitunganya ibumba, amwe mu masosiyete mato ashobora kuba adafite iki kibazo.
Muri rusange, ibyiza bya electrode za grafiti bireba igice kinini cy’ibikorwa byo gutunganya edM, kandi bikwiye gukururwa no gukoreshwa, hamwe n’inyungu nyinshi z’igihe kirekire. Kubura gutunganya ubuso buto bishobora guterwa no gukoresha electrode z’umuringa.
2. Guhitamo ibikoresho bya electrode ya grafiti kuri EDM
Ku bikoresho bya grafiti, hari ahanini ibipimo bine bikurikira bigena mu buryo butaziguye imikorere y'ibikoresho:
1) Impuzandengo y'umurambararo w'uduce tw'ibikoresho
Ubugari bw'uduce tw'ibikoresho bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku miterere y'ibisohoka by'ibikoresho.
Uko agace gato k’ibikoresho bya grafiti kaba gato, ni ko uko amazi asohoka arushaho kuba meza, ni ko ubwiza bw’ubuso burushaho kuba bwiza, kandi igihombo kikaba gito.
Uko ingano rusange y'uduce duto ingana, ni ko umuvuduko mwiza wo gukuraho ushobora kuboneka mu gutunganya ibintu mu buryo buciriritse, ariko ingaruka zo kurangiza ziba mbi kandi igihombo cya electrode ni kinini.
2) Imbaraga zo gupfunyika kw'ibikoresho
Imbaraga zo guhindagurika kw'ikintu ni ikimenyetso cyerekana imbaraga zacyo, bigaragaza uburyo imiterere yacyo y'imbere ifashe.
Ibikoresho bifite imbaraga nyinshi bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya gusohora amazi neza. Ku bijyanye na electrode ifite ubwiza bwo hejuru, ibikoresho bifite imbaraga nziza bigomba gutoranywa uko bishoboka kose.
3) Ubukomere bw'inkombe y'ibikoresho
Graphite irakomeye kurusha ibikoresho by'icyuma, kandi igihombo cy'igikoresho cyo gukata ni kinini kuruta icy'icyuma cyo gukata.
Muri icyo gihe, ubukana bwinshi bw'ibikoresho bya grafiti mu kugenzura igihombo cyo gusohora ni byiza kurushaho.
4) Ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ibintu
Igipimo cyo gusohora ibikoresho bya grafiti bifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu byinshi kizagenda buhoro kurusha icyo iyo bifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibintu bike.
Uko resistivity isanzwe irushaho kuba nyinshi, niko electrode itakaza agaciro gake, ariko uko resistivity isanzwe irushaho kuba nyinshi, niko guhagarara kw'isohoka bizahinduka.
Kuri ubu, hari ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye bwa grafiti buboneka ku bacuruza grafiti bakomeye ku isi.
Muri rusange hakurikijwe impuzandengo y'umurambararo w'uduce tw'ibikoresho bya grafiti bigomba gushyirwa mu byiciro, umurambararo w'uduce ≤ 4 m usobanurwa nk'umukara mwiza, uduce turi hagati ya metero 5 ~ 10 tusobanurwa nk'umukara uri hagati, uduce turi hejuru ya metero 10 tusobanurwa nk'umukara ukomeye.
Uko umurambararo w'uduce duto, ni ko ibikoresho bihenze cyane, ni ko ibikoresho bya grafiti bikwiriye bishobora gutoranywa hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'igiciro cya EDM.
3. Gukora electrode ya grafiti
Electrode ya grafiti ikorwa ahanini hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusya.
Ukurikije ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya, grafiti n'umuringa ni ibikoresho bibiri bitandukanye, kandi imiterere yabyo itandukanye yo gukata igomba gutozwa neza.
Iyo electrode ya grafiti itunganyijwe hakoreshejwe electrode y'umuringa, nta kabuza hazabaho ibibazo, nko kuvunika kenshi k'urupapuro, bigasaba gukoresha ibikoresho bikwiye byo gukata n'ibipimo byo gukata.
Gukoresha electrode ya grafiti kuruta icyuma cy'umuringa, ku bijyanye n'ubukungu, guhitamo igikoresho cya carbide ni cyo gihendutse cyane, igiciro cya diyama yo gusiga (cyitwa icyuma cya grafiti) kirahenze cyane, ariko igikoresho cyo gusiga diyama kiramba, gifite ubuziranenge bwo gutunganya neza, kandi inyungu rusange mu bukungu ni nziza.
Ingano y'inguni y'imbere y'igikoresho igira ingaruka ku buzima bwacyo, inguni y'imbere ya 0° izaba iri hejuru ya 50% ugereranyije n'inguni y'imbere ya 15° y'ubuzima bwacyo, gukata neza nabyo ni byiza, ariko uko inguni iba nini, ni ko ubuso bwo gukora burushaho kuba bwiza, gukoresha inguni ya 15° y'igikoresho bishobora kugera ku buso bwiza bwo gukora.
Umuvuduko wo gukata mu gukora imashini ushobora guhindurwa bitewe n'imiterere ya electrode, ubusanzwe 10m/min, kimwe n'uko imashini ikora aluminiyumu cyangwa pulasitiki ikoreshwa, igikoresho cyo gukata gishobora kuba kiri ku gikoresho cyangwa kivaho mu gukora imashini mu buryo butaziguye, kandi ibintu byoroshye kugaragara mu gukora imashini mu kurangiza, kandi uburyo bwo kugenda vuba bworoheje bukunze gukoreshwa.
Electrode ya grafiti mu gukata izakora ivumbi ryinshi, kugira ngo hirindwe uduce twa grafiti duhumekwa n'imashini ihumeka, hari ibisubizo bibiri by'ingenzi muri iki gihe, kimwe ni ugukoresha imashini yihariye itunganya grafiti, ikindi ni ikigo gisanzwe gitunganya, gifite igikoresho cyihariye cyo gukusanya ivumbi.
Imashini yihariye yo gusya yihuta cyane ya grafiti iri ku isoko ifite ubushobozi bwo gusya neza kandi ishobora kurangiza byoroshye gukora electrode zikomeye zifite imiterere myiza kandi zifite ubuziranenge bwiza ku buso.
Niba EDM ikenewe kugira ngo hakorwe electrode ya grafiti, ni byiza gukoresha ibikoresho bya grafiti byiza bifite umurambararo muto w'uduce.
Umusaruro wa grafiti mu gutunganya ibintu ni mubi, uko umurambararo w'uduce duto urushaho kuba muto, niko ubushobozi bwo gukata bushobora kuboneka, kandi ibibazo bidasanzwe nko gucika kenshi kw'insinga n'insinga zo hejuru bishobora kwirindwa.
4. Ibipimo bya EDM bya electrode ya grafiti
Uburyo bwo guhitamo ibipimo bya EDM bya grafiti n'umuringa biratandukanye cyane.
Ibipimo bya EDM birimo cyane cyane umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, ubugari bw'imitsi, icyuho cy'imitsi na polarity.
Ibi bikurikira bisobanura ishingiro ry'ikoreshwa ry'ibi bipimo by'ingenzi mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro.
Ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi ya electrode ya grafiti muri rusange ni 10 ~ 12 A / cm2, buruta cyane ubw'amashanyarazi y'umuringa. Kubwibyo, mu rugero rw'amashanyarazi yemerewe mu gace gakwiye, uko umuriro utoranywa ari munini, uko umuvuduko wo gutunganya amashanyarazi ya grafiti urushaho kwihuta, niko igihombo cya electrode kizaba gito, ariko ubukana bw'ubuso buzaba bunini.
Uko ubugari bw'ingufu z'amaraso burushaho kuba bunini, niko igihombo cya electrode kizaba gito.
Ariko, ubugari bw'ingufu bunini buzatuma kudahinduka kw'ingufu mu gutunganya ibintu birushaho kuba bibi, kandi umuvuduko wo gutunganya ibintu ugatinda kandi ubuso bukarushaho kuba bubi.
Kugira ngo electrode itakare cyane mu gihe cyo gukora imashini ikoze mu buryo bugoye, ubunini bw'ingufu bukoreshwa, bushobora gutuma imashini ya graphite itakaza igihombo kinini iyo agaciro kari hagati ya 100 na 300 US.
Kugira ngo haboneke ubuso bwiza kandi habeho ingaruka nziza zo gusohora amazi, hagomba guhitamo ubugari buto bw'amapilo.
Muri rusange, ubugari bw'impyiko ya electrode ya grafiti buri munsi ya 40% ugereranyije n'iya electrode y'umuringa
Icyuho cy’imitsi kigira ingaruka cyane cyane ku muvuduko w’imashini zisohora amazi n’uko zihoraho. Uko agaciro kazo kaba kanini, ni ko imashini zihoraho zirushaho kuba nziza, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro mu kubona ubuso bungana neza, ariko umuvuduko w’imashini ugabanuka.
Mu gihe cyo kwemeza ko gutunganya neza, ubushobozi bwo gutunganya neza bushobora kuboneka uhisemo icyuho gito cy’ingufu, ariko iyo imiterere yo gusohora idahamye, ubushobozi bwo gutunganya neza bushobora kuboneka uhisemo icyuho kinini cy’ingufu.
Mu gutunganya electrode ya grafiti, icyuho cy’ingufu n’ubugari bw’ingufu bikunze gushyirwa kuri 1:1, mu gihe mu gutunganya electrode y’umuringa, icyuho cy’ingufu n’ubugari bw’ingufu bikunze gushyirwa kuri 1:3.
Mu gihe cyo gutunganya graphite neza, igipimo cyo guhuza hagati y'icyuho cy'amagufwa n'ubugari bw'amagufwa gishobora guhindurwa kikagera kuri 2:3.
Mu gihe umuvuduko w'amaraso utoshye, ni byiza gukora urwego rutwikira amashanyarazi, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro mu kugabanya igihombo cya electrode.
Uburyo electrode ya grafiti ikoreshwa muri EDM ikoreshwa muri polarite bungana n'uburyo electrode y'umuringa ikoreshwa muri polarite ikoreshwa muri polarite.
Dukurikije ingaruka za polarity za EDM, machining ya polarity nziza ikunze gukoreshwa mu gutunganya icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma, ni ukuvuga ko electrode ihujwe n'inkingi nziza y'amashanyarazi, kandi igikoresho gihujwe n'inkingi mbi y'amashanyarazi.
Gukoresha ubugari bunini bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, guhitamo uburyo bwo gutunganya polarity bwiza bishobora gutuma electrode itakaza ingufu nke cyane. Iyo polarity itari nziza, electrode itakaza ingufu iba nini cyane.
Iyo gusa ubuso bukenewe gutunganywa neza munsi ya VDI18 (Ra0.8 m) kandi ubugari bw'amapilo bukaba buto cyane, uburyo bwo gutunganya polarity bukoreshwa kugira ngo ubuso burusheho kuba bwiza, ariko igihombo cya electrode kiba kinini.
Ubu ibikoresho by'imashini za CNC edM bifite ibipimo byo gutunganya graphite.
Gukoresha ibipimo by'amashanyarazi ni ubushishozi kandi bishobora gukorwa mu buryo bwikora n'ikoranabuhanga ry'inzobere ry'igikoresho cy'imashini.
Muri rusange, imashini ishobora gushyiraho ibipimo byo gutunganya neza ihitamo ibikoresho bibiri, ubwoko bwa porogaramu, agaciro k'ubuso no kwinjiza agace gatunganya, uburebure bw'uburyo itunganya, ingano ya electrode, nibindi. Mu gihe cyo gukora porogaramu.
Ishyirwaho rya electrode ya grafiti ya edm machine tool tool ifite ibipimo byinshi byo gutunganya, ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bushobora guhitamo muri grafiti ikomeye, grafiti, grafiti ijyanye n'ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gukora, kugira ngo bigabanye ubwoko bw'ibikoresho byo gukoresha ku murongo usanzwe, umuyoboro muremure, ahantu hanini, ahantu hanini, nk'aho ari hato, kandi bigatanga igihombo gito, gisanzwe, imikorere myiza n'ibindi.
5. Umwanzuro
Ibikoresho bishya bya electrode ya grafiti birakwiye gukururwa cyane kandi ibyiza byabyo bizagenda bimenyekana kandi byemerwe buhoro buhoro n'inganda zikora ibumba zo mu gihugu.
Guhitamo neza ibikoresho bya electrode ya grafiti no kunoza ikoranabuhanga bifitanye isano bizazanira ibigo bikora ibumba umusaruro mwinshi, ubwiza n'inyungu ku giciro gito.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-04-2020