1. Icyiciro cyo gushyushya mu bushyuhe buri hasi (ubushyuhe bw'icyumba kugeza kuri 350℃)
Iyo ubushyuhe nyabwo bw'umubiri w'icyatsi bugeze kuri dogere selisiyusi 100 kugeza kuri 230, umubiri w'icyatsi utangira koroha, imbaraga z'imbere ziragabanuka, ingano irakura gato, ariko nta bintu byinshi bihindagurika bisohoka, kandi umubiri w'icyatsi uba uri mu cyiciro cya pulasitiki. Muri iki cyiciro, inshingano nyamukuru ni ugushyushya karemano ya karuboni. Bitewe n'ubushyuhe n'itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko muri karemano y'icyatsi, bimwe mu bice by'urumuri bya karemano birimuka kandi bigakwirakwira. Uko ubushyuhe bukomeza kwiyongera kugera kuri 230-400℃, igipimo cyo kubora kwa karemano kiriyongera buhoro buhoro. Cyane cyane mu bushyuhe bwa 350-400℃, karemano irabora cyane kandi ingano nini y'ibintu bihindagurika irasohoka. Muri iki cyiciro, igipimo cyo gushyushya kigomba kugenzurwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko ubushyuhe buzamuka butunguranye butera imbaraga z'imbere, kandi icyarimwe, kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu bihindagurika bishobora gutera imiyoboro muri karemano y'icyatsi.
2. Icyiciro cyo guteka mu bushyuhe buringaniye (350℃ kugeza 800℃)
Iyo ubushyuhe nyabwo bw'umubiri w'icyatsi buzamutse bukagera kuri 400-550℃, igipimo cyo kubora no guhinduka kwa asphalt kiragabanuka, kikinjira mu cyiciro cyiganjemo polycondensation reaction. Ku bushyuhe bwinshi, asphalt ihinduka ubushyuhe no guhinduka polycondensation kugira ngo ikore semi-coke. Kuri iyi ngingo, ingano y'ibintu bihinduka biva mu kirere iragabanuka, kandi ingano y'umubiri w'icyatsi irahinduka kuva mu kwaguka kugera ku guhindagurika. Iyo ubushyuhe nyabwo bw'umubiri w'icyatsi bugeze kuri 500 kugeza kuri 700℃, semi-coke ikorwa na asphalt ihinduka binder coke (asphalt coke), volatility matter irekurwa no kubora kwa asphalt iragabanuka cyane, kandi carbon green body ikomeza kugabanuka. Kuri iyi ngingo, asphalt binder yahindutse binder coke, kandi thermal conductivity y'umubiri w'icyatsi kibisi yariyongereye. Iki cyiciro ni ingenzi cyane kigira ingaruka ku bwiza bwo guteka. Binder ihinduka byinshi mu buryo bugoye bwo kubora, polymerization, cyclization na aromatization reactions. Gusenyuka kw'icyuma gifunga no kongera gupima umusaruro w'ibicuruzwa biboze bibaho icyarimwe, bigakora igice cyo hagati. Ikura ry'igice cyo hagati rituma habaho ibintu byabanjirije ibyo. Kuri 400°C, umusaruro utangira kugaragaza ko urimo gucoka, ariko imbaraga ziracyari nke cyane, kandi gufatana kwa asphalt kugabanuka. Kuri 500°C, nubwo hakiri ingano nto y'ibintu bihinduka, imiterere y'ibanze ya karuboni iba yamaze gukorwa. Semi-coke ikorwa kuri 500 kugeza 550°C, kandi ibintu bihinduka biva mu gucoka kwa asphalt biva mbere ya 600 kugeza 650°C. Coke ikorwa kuri 700 kugeza 750°C. Kugira ngo hongerwe igipimo cyo gucoka kwa asphalt no kunoza imiterere y'umubiri n'imiti y'ibicuruzwa, ubushyuhe bugomba kuzamurwa kimwe kandi buhoro muri iki cyiciro. Byongeye kandi, muri iki cyiciro, ibintu byinshi bihinduka birasohorwa, byuzuza icyumba cyose cy'itanura. Iyi myuka ibora ku buso bw'ibicuruzwa bishyushye, ikabyara karuboni ikomeye ishyira ku myenge no ku buso bw'ibicuruzwa, yongera umusaruro wa coke kandi igafunga imyenge y'ibicuruzwa, bityo ikongera imbaraga zabyo. Ikintu kigaragara cyane muri iki cyiciro ni polymerization no kubora kw'amatsinda y'imikorere ndetse no kwiyongera buhoro buhoro k'umubare wa hydrogen muri iyo myuka isohoka.
3. Icyiciro cyo gushyushya ubushyuhe bwinshi (800℃ kugeza 1200~1350℃)
Iyo umusaruro ugeze hejuru ya 700°C, inzira yo gukoropa y’icyuma gifata ibintu irarangira. Mu gihe cyo gukoropa mu bushyuhe bwinshi, igipimo cyo gushyushya gishobora kwiyongeraho gato. Nyuma yo kugera ku bushyuhe ntarengwa, ni ngombwa kugumana ubushyuhe mu masaha 15 kugeza kuri 20. Mu gihe cyo gukoropa, havuka molekile nini zinuka. Atome zitandukanye zo ku ruhande n’amatsinda ya atome ya molekile zifata ibintu zigacikamo ibice. Uko ubushyuhe bugenda bwiyongera, molekile zifata ibintu zigahinduka. Hejuru ya 900°C, atome za hydrogen ku nkengero zigenda zicika buhoro buhoro zigakurwaho. Muri icyo gihe, coke ifata ibintu irushaho kugabanuka no kwiyongera. Muri iki gihe, inzira ya shimi igenda igabanuka buhoro buhoro, igabanuka ry’imbere n’iry’inyuma rigenda rigabanuka buhoro buhoro, mu gihe ubucucike nyakuri, imbaraga n’ubushobozi bw’amashanyarazi byose byiyongera.
4. Icyiciro cyo gukonjesha
Mu gihe cyo gukonjesha, igipimo cyo gukonjesha gishobora kuba cyihuta gato kuruta igipimo cyo gushyushya. Ariko, bitewe n’uko ubushyuhe budashobora gukonjesha, igipimo cyo gukonjesha kiri imbere mu gicuruzwa kiba kiri munsi y’icyo hejuru, bityo bigatuma ubushyuhe bugabanuka n’ubushyuhe bugabanuka mu bunini butandukanye kuva hagati kugeza ku buso bw’igicuruzwa. Iyo ubushyuhe bukabije cyane, butera gucikagurika imbere no hanze ku buryo butaringaniye kandi bigatera gucika. Kubwibyo, gukonjesha nabyo bigomba gukorwa mu buryo bugenzurwa. Mu gihe cyo gukonjesha, gukonjesha mu bushyuhe bukabije birashyirwa mu bikorwa. Igipimo cyo gukonjesha mu duce turi hejuru ya 800℃ ntikirenga 3℃/h kugira ngo hirindwe gucika kw’ubushyuhe bukabije. Ubushyuhe ibicuruzwa biva mu itanura bugomba kuba buri munsi ya 80℃. Mu gihe ukoresha sisitemu yo gukonjesha amazi ya atome, ubushyuhe bw’amazi bugomba kuguma kuri 40℃±2℃ kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika k’ubushyuhe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-11-2025