Imiterere y’ibintu bito nka sodium (Na), vanadium (V), nikeli (Ni), na kalisiyumu (Ca) muri peteroli coke mu gihe cyo gukaraba calcium bihuzwa n’ubushyuhe, imiterere y’ibintu bibaho, n’imikorere ya shimi. Imiterere yihariye ni iyi ikurikira:
1. Kwimuka no Guhinduka kwa Sodium (Na)
- Icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe buke (<1000°C): Sodiyumu iba ahanini mu buryo bw'imyunyu ngugu (urugero, sodiyumu sulfate, sodiyumu chloride) cyangwa organic complexes, hamwe n'imihindagurikire mike. Uko ubushyuhe bugenda bwiyongera, irahinduka gahoro gahoro imyuka ya oxyde (urugero, Na₂O) cyangwa hydroxides (urugero, NaOH).
- Icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi (>1000°C): Ihindagurika rya sodium ririyongera cyane. Ibinyabutabire byakozwe muri sulfur na chlorine (urugero, Na₂S, NaCl) byoroshye gushonga cyangwa kubora iyo ubushyuhe bwinshi bukabije, bigatuma sodium isohoka mu buryo bwa gaze.
- Ibintu bigira ingaruka: Guhindagurika kwa sodium bigirwaho ingaruka zikomeye n'ikirere cya calcination (oxidizing/reduction). Mu gihe habayeho kugabanuka, sodium ishobora guhindagurika cyane mu buryo bwa sulfide.
2. Kwimuka no Guhindagurika kwa Vanadium (V)
- Uburyo bwo kubaho: Vanadium muri peteroli coke iboneka cyane cyane mu buryo bufatanye na organic (urugero, vanadyl porphyrins) n'uburyo buhamye (urugero, vanadium oxides, silicates).
- Icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe buke (<1100°C): Vanadium iboshye mu bimera irabora buhoro buhoro uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, igahinduka imiterere ishongera mu mazi, ishobora guhindurwamo iyoni, cyangwa ikagira karubone. Vanadium imwe ihura n'imyunyu ngugu ya kalisiyumu n'icyuma bigatuma ikora eutectics nkeya.
- Icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi (>1100°C): Ihindagurika rya vanadium ririyongera cyane. Vanadium ifatanijwe n'ibinyabuzima ibora vuba ikavamo ubwoko bwa VOₓ bufite umwuka (urugero, VO, V₂O₅), mu gihe vanadium ihamye (urugero, V₂O₃) ishonga gato ikarekura vanadium nkeya iyo ubushyuhe bwinshi bukabije.
- Ibintu bigira ingaruka: Guhindagurika kwa vanadium biterwa n'ubushyuhe, umuvuduko wo gushyuha, n'imiterere y'imyunyungugu. Mu bushyuhe bwinshi, vanadium ikora imiterere ya nanocrystalline hamwe na silicon na sulfure, bigatuma igice cy'ingufu gihindagurika.
3. Kwimuka no Guhindagurika kwa Nickel (Ni)
- Uburyo ibonekamo: Nikeli muri peteroli coke iboneka cyane cyane mu buryo bwa sulfide (Ni₃S₂), oxyde (NiO), cyangwa silicates.
- Icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe buri hasi (<900°C): Nickel iboneka nka Ni₃S₂, ifite imihindagurikire iri hasi.
- Icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe buringaniye (900–1200°C): Ni₃S₂ ihinduka buhoro buhoro NiS mu gipimo cy'amazi, ikagera ku gipimo cya NiS kingana na 22.4% kuri 1200°C, mbere yo gusubira kuri Ni₃S₂ uko ubushyuhe bukomeza kwiyongera.
- Icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi (>1400°C): Nikeli ihinduka mu buryo bw'ibinyabutabire bya gaze (urugero, Ni(g), NiS(g)), ariko Ni₃S₂ ntabwo ihinduka Ni(s) ikomeye mu buryo butaziguye.
- Ibintu bigira ingaruka: Guhindagurika kwa nikeli bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bintu bitera umwuka (urugero: O₂, H₂O). Kongeramo O₂ bibuza ihinduka rya Ni₃S₂ muri Ni y’ibanze kandi bigabanya ikorwa ry’ibinyabutabire bya spinel (urugero: NiAl₂O₄).
4. Kwimuka no Guhinduka kwa Kalisiyumu (Ca)
- Uburyo ibonekamo: Kalisiyumu muri peteroli coke iboneka cyane cyane mu buryo bwa karubone (CaCO₃), sulfate (CaSO₄), cyangwa silicates.
- Icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe buri hasi (<800°C): Karubonate zibora zikajya muri CaO na CO₂, mu gihe sulfate zibora zikajya muri CaO na SO₃, bigatuma kalisiyumu ikungahaye kuri okiside.
- Icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe buringaniye (800–1200°C): CaO ikorana na silikoni na aluminiyumu kugira ngo ikore imyunyu ngugu ishongesha mu rugero ruto (urugero, anortite CaAl₂Si₂O₈), hamwe na kalisiyumu imwe isigara mu buryo bukomeye.
- Icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi (>1200°C): Ihindagurika rya kalisiyumu ni rito, ariko imyunyu ngugu ishongesha ishobora gushonga cyangwa kubora gato iyo ubushyuhe bwinshi bukabije, bigatuma kalisiyumu yimuka mu buryo bwa gaze cyangwa amazi.
- Ibintu bigira ingaruka: Kwimuka kwa kalisiyumu bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku gipimo cya silica-alumina n'igipimo cya feri-calcium. Ukwiyongera kwa silica-alumina bitera ihinduka rya FeV₂O₄ rikaba V₂O₃, mu gihe ukwiyongera kwa feri-calcium bibuza iremwa rya CaAl₂Si₂O₈.
Imiterere yuzuye
- Ubushyuhe buterwa n'ubushyuhe: Igipimo cyo guhinduka kw'ibintu bito kiriyongera uko ubushyuhe bugenda bushira, ariko ubushyuhe bwo guhinduka butandukana cyane hagati y'ibintu (urugero: vanadium ihinduka cyane hejuru ya 1100°C, mu gihe nikeli iba nini hejuru ya 1400°C).
- Ingaruka z'imiterere y'ibintu: Ibintu bikomoka ku binyabuzima (urugero: vanadium organic) birahindagurika cyane kurusha ibintu bihamye (urugero: oxyde za vanadium).
- Kugenzura uburyo ibintu bihinduka mu buryo bwa chimique: Guhindagurika kw'ibintu bifatika bigenzurwa n'uburyo ibintu bihinduka hamwe na sulfur na chlorine, bigatera ibintu bishongesha bike cyangwa imyuka (urugero: Na₂S, VOₓ).
- Amabwiriza yo kunoza uburyo bwo gukora: Kugenzura ubushyuhe bwa calcination, ikirere, n'ibindi birungo (urugero, silika-alumina ratio modifiers) bishobora kugabanya ihindagurika ry'ibintu byangiza no kunoza ubwiza bwa calcined coke.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 17 Mata 2026