Ubusanzwe uburyo bwo gutunganya imiterere y’ibishushanyo mbonera (graphitization) busaba ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 2300 na 3000°C, aho ishingiro ryabyo ari uguhindura atome za karuboni kuva ku buryo butari bwo (standardized) kugera ku buryo bwa kristu ya girafu (grafitite crystal structure) binyuze mu buryo bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe buri hejuru. Hasi hari isesengura rirambuye:
I. Ingano y'ubushyuhe mu kuvura ikoreshwa rya Graphitization
A. Ibisabwa by'ibanze ku bushyuhe
Gukoresha graphite isanzwe bisaba kuzamura ubushyuhe bukagera kuri dogere 2300 kugeza 3000°C, aho:
- 2500℃ igaragaza aho ibintu bihinduka cyane, aho intera hagati y’atomu za karuboni igabanuka cyane, kandi urugero rwa graphitization rwiyongera vuba;
- Iyo ubushyuhe burenze 3000°C, impinduka zigenda zirushaho kwiyongera, kandi kristu ya grafiti igenda yegereza ubwiza, nubwo ubushyuhe bwinshi bwiyongera umusaruro bigabanura iterambere rito mu mikorere.
B. Ingaruka z'itandukaniro ry'ibikoresho ku bushyuhe
- Karuboni zoroshye gukoresha mu gushushanya (urugero: peteroli coke): Injira mu cyiciro cya graphitization kuri 1700℃, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bugaragara bw'igipimo cya graphitization kuri 2500℃;
- Karuboni zigoranye gushushanya (urugero, anthracite): Zikenera ubushyuhe bwinshi (bugera kuri 3000℃) kugira ngo zigere ku mpinduka nk'iyo.
II. Uburyo Ubushyuhe Buhanitse Bukoresha Guteza Imbere Gutunganya Atomu ya Karuboni
A. Icyiciro cya 1 (1000–1800℃): Ibyuka bihindagurika n'uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro bibiri
- Imiyoboro ya Aliphatic, CH, na C=O birasenyuka, bisohora hydrogen, ogisijeni, azote, sulfure, n'ibindi bintu mu buryo bwa monomer cyangwa molekile zoroshye (urugero, CH₄, CO₂);
- Ibice bya atome ya karuboni biriyongera mu gice cy’ibice bibiri, uburebure bwa microcrystalline buriyongera kuva kuri 1 nm kugeza kuri 10 nm, mu gihe imiterere y’ibice bibiri iguma idahinduka cyane;
- Ibikorwa byombi bya endothermike (ibijyanye na shimi) na exothermike (ibikorwa by'umubiri, nko kurekura ingufu zo hagati y'urusobe rw'izuba bivuye ku kubura k'umupaka wa microcrystalline) bibaho icyarimwe.
B. Icyiciro cya 2 (1800–2400℃): Gutumiza no gusana imipaka y'ingano mu byiciro bitatu
- Ubwiyongere bw'ingufu ziterwa n'ubushyuhe bw'atomu za karuboni butuma zihinduka mu buryo butatu, bugengwa n'ihame ry'ingufu nkeya zidafite ubwisanzure;
- Gutandukana kw'ibice n'imipaka y'ibice ku miterere ya kristu bigenda bishira buhoro buhoro, bigaragazwa no kugaragara kw'imirongo ikarishye (hko) na (001) muri X-ray diffraction spectra, byemeza ishyirwaho ry'imiterere y'ibice bitatu;
- Imyanda imwe n'imwe ikora karubide (urugero, karubide ya silikoni), ibora ikaba umwuka w'icyuma na grafiti ku bushyuhe bwinshi.
C. Icyiciro cya 3 (Hejuru ya 2400℃): Gukura kw'ibinyampeke no kongera kubyaza umusaruro
- Ingano y'ibinyampeke iriyongera ku murongo wa a kugeza ku mpuzandengo ya 10–150 nm no ku murongo wa c kugeza ku bice bigera kuri 60 (hafi 20 nm);
- Atome za karuboni zigenda zinonosorwa mu buryo bwa lattice binyuze mu kwimuka kw'imbere cyangwa hagati ya molekile, mu gihe igipimo cy'umwuka w'ibintu bya karuboni cyiyongera cyane uko ubushyuhe bugenda buzamuka;
- Ihererekanya ry'ibintu rikora ribaho hagati y'ibihe bikomeye na gaze, bigatuma habaho imiterere ya kristale ya grafiti ifite gahunda ikomeye.
III. Gutunganya ubushyuhe binyuze mu buryo bwihariye
A. Gutunganya Graphitisme mu buryo bwa Catalytic
Kongeramo katalysts nka ferrosilicon bishobora kugabanya cyane ubushyuhe bwa grafitisation kugeza kuri 1500–2200°C. Urugero:
- Katalogeri ya Ferrosilicon (25% by'ibipimo bya silikoni) ishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe kuva kuri 2500–3000℃ kugeza kuri 1500℃;
- Katalyst ya BN ishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bukagera munsi ya 2200°C mu gihe yongera icyerekezo cy'imigozi ya karuboni.
B. Gutunganya ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane (Graphitization)
Iyi nzira ikoreshwa mu gukoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi nka grafiti y’urwego rwa nuclear na grafiti y’urwego rw’indege, ikoresha ubushyuhe buciriritse cyangwa ubushyuhe bwa plasma arc (urugero, ubushyuhe bwa argon plasma bugera kuri 15.000℃) kugira ngo ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bugere kuri 3200℃ ku bicuruzwa;
- Igipimo cya graphitization kirenga 0.99, hamwe n'ibipimo by'umwanda bike cyane (ibipimo by'ivu < 0.01%).
IV. Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku ngaruka za Graphitization
A. Ubushyuhe n'ubushobozi bwo gutwara ubushyuhe
Kuri buri kwiyongera kwa 0.1 mu gipimo cya graphitization, resistivity igabanukaho 30%, naho amashanyarazi yiyongeraho 25%. Urugero, nyuma yo kuvurwa kuri 3000℃, resistivity ya graphite ishobora kugabanuka ikagera kuri 1/4–1/5 by'agaciro kayo k'ibanze.
B. Imiterere ya mekanike
Ubushyuhe bwinshi bugabanya intera iri hagati y’ibice bya grafiti kugera ku gaciro kangana neza (0.3354 nm), byongera cyane ubudahangarwa bw’ubushyuhe n’ubudahangarwa bw’imiti (hagabanywa umurongo wa 50%–80%), ariko nanone bigatanga ubushobozi bwo gusya no kudashira.
C. Kongera Ubwiza bw'Ubuziranenge
Ku bushyuhe bwa 3000°C, imigozi y’ibinyabutabire muri 99.9% by’ibintu karemano irasenyuka, bigatuma imyanda isohoka mu buryo bwa gaze bigatuma umusaruro uba mwiza ku kigero cya 99.9% cyangwa kirenga.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 11 Nzeri 2025